U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE


1995 APRIL: PATTERNS OF GLOBAL TERRORISM, 1994


OFFICE OF THE CORRDINATOR FOR COUNTERTERRORISM 





                   Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994 





     Introduction 


Terrorism continued to menace civil society in 1994. Although  


international terrorism declined worldwide, there was an upsurge of  


attacks by Islamic extremist groups, including many aimed at  


undermining the Middle East peace process. The Clinton  


administration increased cooperative efforts with many nations to  


reduce the threat of terrorism. 


Examples of serious acts of international terrorism in 1994 were: 


--  The bombing of a Jewish cultural center in Buenos Aires in July  


that killed nearly 100 persons.


--  The hijacking in December of an Air France jet by the Algerian  


Armed Islamic Group, who are waging a massive campaign of terrorism  


against Algerians and foreigners in Algeria.


--  Attacks against foreign tourists by Islamic radicals in Egypt  


and by the PKK in Turkey.


--  The bombing of a Panamanian commuter aircraft that killed 21  


persons. 


Extremists opposed to the Arab-Israeli peace process dramatically  


increased the scale and frequency of their attacks in Israel, the  


West Bank, and Gaza. More than 100 civilians died in these attacks  


in 1994. 


This pattern of terrorism in 1994 reflects a trend in recent years  


of a decline in attacks by secular terrorist groups and an increase  


in terrorist activities by radical Islamic groups. These groups are  


a small minority in the Islamic world, and most Islamic countries,  


as well as the Organization of the Islamic Conference, have  


condemned religious extremism and violence. Nevertheless, terrorism  


in Islamic guise is a problem for established governments in the  


Middle East and a threat to the Arab-Israeli peace process. 


There have been important positive developments as well in the fight  


against international terrorism: 


--  Two radical Arab regimes long involved in sponsoring and  


supporting terrorism in the Middle East÷Libya and Iraq÷are isolated. 


--  Iran, while still a major state sponsor of terrorism, is under  


considerable economic pressure. 


--  The old Soviet Union, once a protector of radical terrorist  


states and organizations, is gone. 


--  The conflicts in Northern Ireland and South Africa, regarded in  


the past as intractable, have also yielded to processes of peaceful  


settlement, and the main protagonists have halted the use of terror  


and violence as a political weapon. 


--  Counterterrorism and law enforcement cooperation among nations  


has grown, increasing the pressure on terrorists, and there is a  


growing international consensus that terrorism is beyond the pale. 


--  The Arab-Israeli conflict, which has bred much terror and  


violence, has taken a historic turn toward resolution. Israel and  


the PLO have concluded an agreement on interim self-government in  


the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Jordan has followed Egypt in making  


peace with Israel; other Arab states are establishing contacts with  


Israel; and Syria and Israel are engaged in a process of  


negotiations. Nevertheless, those opposed to the peace process  


dramatically increased their rear-guard terrorist campaigns in  


Israel and the West Bank and Gaza aimed at destroying the process. 


US counterterrorism policy follows three general rules: 


--  First, do not make deals with terrorists or submit to blackmail.  


We have found over the years that this policy works.


--  Second, treat terrorists as criminals and apply the rule of law.


--  Third, bring maximum pressure on states that sponsor and support  


terrorists by imposing economic, diplomatic, and political sanctions  


and urging other states to do likewise. 


Because terrorism is a global problem, the Clinton administration is  


deeply engaged in cooperation with other governments in an  


international effort to combat terrorism: 


--  US intelligence and law enforcement agencies have an active  


network of cooperative relations with counterparts in scores of  


friendly countries. 


--  The Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism in the  


Department of State conducts consultations on counterterrorism with  


many other governments. There are similar consultations in the G-7  


and the European Union. 


--  There are now 11 treaties and conventions that commit  


signatories to combat various terrorist crimes. The United States  


urges governments that have not signed and ratified these to do so  


promptly. 


--  The Department of State's antiterrorism training assistance  


program has trained over 15,000 law enforcement personnel from more  


than 80 countries over 10 years in counterterrorism techniques. 


--  The United States and other nations fund an active  


counterterrorism research and development program that strengthens  


our capability in such areas as plastic explosives detection. 


--  Finally, the United States offers rewards of up to $2 million  


for information that leads to the prevention or favorable resolution  


of a terrorist attack against US persons. 


Civilized people everywhere are outraged by terrorist crimes. The  


scars are long lasting, and there is no recompense for victims. But  


terrorists are a small minority, whose crimes, deadly as they are,  


cannot be allowed to intimidate the forces of peace and democracy.  


The message to terrorists from Americans and other free people and  


nations is that we are strong, vigilant, and determined to defeat  


terrorism. 


Legislative Requirements 


This report is submitted in compliance with Title 22 of the United  


States Code, Section 2656f(a), which requires the Department of  


State to provide Congress a full and complete annual report on  


terrorism for those countries and groups meeting the criteria of  


Section (a)(1) and (2) of the Act. As required by legislation, the  


report includes detailed assessments of foreign countries where  


significant terrorist acts occurred and countries about which  


Congress was notified during the preceding five years pursuant to  


Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (the so-called  


terrorism list countries that have repeatedly provided state support  


for international terrorism). In addition, the report includes all  


relevant information about the previous year's activities of  


individuals, terrorist groups, or umbrella groups under which such  


terrorist groups fall, known to be responsible for the kidnapping or  


death of any American citizen during the preceding five years, and  


groups known to be financed by state sponsors of terrorism. 


Definitions 


No one definition of terrorism has gained universal acceptance. For  


the purposes of this report, however, we have chosen the definition  


of terrorism contained in Title 22 of the United States Code,  


Section 2656f(d). That statute contains the following definitions: 


--  The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated  


violence perpetrated against noncombatant(1) targets by subnational  


groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an  


audience. 


__________


1 For purposes of this definition, the term ''noncombatant'' is  


interpreted to include, in addition to civilians, military personnel  


who at the time of the incident are unarmed and/or not on duty. For  


example, in past reports we have listed as terrorist incidents the  


murders of the following US military personnel: Col. James Rowe,  


killed in Manila in April 1989; Capt. William Nordeen, US defense  


attache killed in Athens in June 1988; the two servicemen killed in  


the La Belle disco bombing in West Berlin in April 1986; and the  


four off-duty US Embassy Marine guards killed in a cafe in El  


Salvador in June 1985. We also consider as acts of terrorism attacks  


on military installations or on armed military personnel when a  


state of military hostilities does not exist at the site, such as  


bombings against US bases in Europe, the Philippines, or elsewhere.


__________ 


--  The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving  


citizens or the territory of more than one country. 


--  The term ''terrorist group'' means any group practicing, or that  


has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism. 


The US Government has employed this definition of terrorism for  


statistical and analytical purposes since 1983. In a number of  


countries, domestic terrorism, or an active insurgency, has a  


greater impact on the level of political violence than does  


international terrorism. Although not the primary purpose of this  


report, we have attempted to indicate those areas where this is the  


case. 


Note 


Adverse mention in this report of individual members of any  


political, social, ethnic, religious, or national group is not meant  


to imply that all members of that group are terrorists. Indeed,  


terrorists represent a small minority of dedicated, often fanatical,  


individuals in most such groups. It is that small group÷and their  


actions÷that is the subject of this report. 


Furthermore, terrorist acts are part of a larger phenomenon of  


politically inspired violence, and at times the line between the two  


can become difficult to draw. To relate terrorist events to the  


larger context, and to give a feel for the conflicts that spawn  


violence, this report will discuss terrorist acts as well as other  


violent incidents that are not necessarily international terrorism. 


Philip C. Wilcox, Jr.


Coordinator for Counterterrorism 


 


                 Contents 


Introduction                              iii


The Year in Review                          1


African Overview                            2


  Angola                                    2


  Sierra Leone                              2


  South Africa                              2


  Togo                                      2


  Uganda                                    2


Asian Overview                              2


  Afghanistan                               3


  Cambodia                                  3


  India                                     4


  Pakistan                                  4


  Philippines                               4


  Sri Lanka                                 4


  Thailand                                  5


European Overview                           5


  Albania                                   5


  Azerbaijan                                5


  The Baltics                               6


  France                                    6


  Germany                                   7


  Greece                                    7


  Italy                                     7


  Russia                                    8


  Spain                                     8


  Turkey                                    8


  United Kingdom                            9


  Former Yugoslavia                        10


Latin American Overview                    10


  Argentina                                11


  Chile                                    11


  Colombia                                 11


  Ecuador                                  11


  Guatemala                                12


  Panama                                   13


  Peru                                     13


  Uruguay                                  13


Middle Eastern Overview                    13


  Algeria                                  15


  Egypt                                    15


  Israel and the Occupied Territories      16


  Jordan                                   17


  Lebanon                                  18


  Morocco                                  18


State-Sponsored Terrorism Overview         19


  Cuba                                     20


  Iran                                     20


  Iraq                                     21


  Libya                                    22


  North Korea                              23


  Sudan                                    23


  Syria                                    23


Appendixes


  A.   Chronology of Significant          Terrorist Incidents, 1994          


25


  B.   Background Information on Major


         Groups Discussed in the Report    33


  C.   Statistical Review                  63


  D.   Map of International Terrorist          Incidents, 1994                    


69


Inset


  HAMAS Attacks                            12 


 





                 Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994 





The Year in Review 


There were 321 international terrorist attacks during 1994, a 25-


percent decrease from the 431 recorded the previous year and the  


lowest annual total in 23 years. Sixty-six were anti-US attacks,  


down from 88 in 1993. 


A powerful bomb destroyed a Jewish cultural center in Buenos Aires  


in July, killing nearly 100 persons and wounding more than 200  


others. The bombing could well be the work of Hizballah, which  


claimed responsibility for an almost identical bombing of the  


Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires in 1992. 


A serious hijacking occurred on 24 December in Algiers when  


terrorists from the Armed Islamic Group took over an Air France jet,  


murdered three passengers, and flew the plane with 170 hostages to  


Marseille. The assault ended two days later with a remarkably  


successful rescue operation by French commandos that resulted in the  


deaths of all four hijackers and no other fatalities. 


There were numerous deadly attacks by the Islamic extremist group  


HAMAS against Israelis. In April a bomb in Fula that exploded near a  


commuter bus killed eight persons and wounded 50, mostly children  


who were waiting to ride the bus back from school. In October a  


suicide bomber detonated a device inside a public bus in the heart  


of Tel Aviv's business and shopping district, killing 22 Israeli  


passengers plus the perpetrator and wounding at least 48. Also in  


October, two HAMAS gunmen armed with assault rifles and grenades  


attacked civilians in a popular restaurant district in the center of  


Jerusalem, killing two Israeli citizens and wounding 13 persons,  


including two Americans. 


On 9 October, Israeli Army Corporal Nachshon Wachsman, while  


hitchhiking in central Israel, was kidnapped by HAMAS terrorists.  


They demanded the release of HAMAS spiritual leader Sheikh Yassin  


and 200 Palestinian prisoners from Israeli jails and released a  


videotape of Wachsman in captivity asking that Israel comply with  


the demand. Israeli forces located Wachsman in a West Bank house,  


which they stormed in an effort to free him, but his captors killed  


him as the raid began. One Israeli soldier and three kidnappers were  


also killed. 


A member of the Jewish extremist group Kach attacked Palestinian  


worshippers at Hebron's al-Ibrahimi Mosque in February, killing 29  


and wounding more than 200. The Israeli Cabinet subsequently  


outlawed Kach and the affiliated group Kahane Chai, declaring them  


to be terrorist organizations. 


Four Americans were killed in terrorist attacks during 1994.  


Corporal Nachshon Wachsman, mentioned previously, held dual Israeli  


and American citizenship. Three other Americans died in an apparent  


suicide bombing of a Panamanian commuter aircraft in July that  


killed all 21 persons aboard. Four Americans were wounded as a  


result of HAMAS attacks in Israel during the year, and another÷an  


American priest÷was wounded after he was kidnapped by terrorists in  


the Philippines. 


Worldwide casualties numbered 314 persons dead and 663 wounded. 


There were no confirmed acts of terrorism÷either international or  


domestic÷committed in the United States during 1994. In January,  


explosive devices were found outside two New York City office  


buildings. Both buildings housed Jewish-American organizations that  


actively support the Middle East peace process. These suspected  


terrorist incidents remain under investigation by the FBI. 


On 24 May, four men convicted in the February 1993 bombing of the  


World Trade Center in New York City were each sentenced to 240 years  


in prison. The judge arrived at this figure by calculating the life  


expectancy of each of the six persons killed in the attack and  


adding mandatory prison terms for assault on a federal officer. Two  


other suspects in the bombing remained at large at the end of the  


year. 


The trial of 12 defendants accused of plotting to blow up several  


landmarks in New York City began in 1995. 


In October, a judge in St. Louis, Missouri, sentenced three members  


of the Abu Nidal organization (ANO) to prison sentences of 21 months  


for plotting acts of terrorism within the United States. The three  


had pled guilty to Federal racketeering charges that included  


allegations they smuggled money and information, bought weapons,  


recruited members, illegally obtained passports, and obstructed  


investigations. 


African Overview 


Civil wars and ethnic conflict continue to rage in Sub-Saharan  


Africa (for example, Somalia, Sudan, Angola, and Liberia), and  


several acts of international terrorism took place in Africa in  


1994. The rightwing South African rejectionist Afrikaner Resistance  


Movement detonated a car bomb in Johannesburg in protest of South  


Africa's first multiracial elections. Togolese oppositionists may  


have been responsible for a grenade attack on a French-owned  


restaurant that wounded five French and two Beninese citizens. 


Sudan turned over the international terrorist Carlos to France in  


August, but insisted that action did not represent a change in  


Sudanese policy and would not affect other terrorists harbored in  


Sudan. 


Angola 


In January, rival factions of the Front for the Liberation of the  


Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) claimed responsibility for a mortar attack  


on the Chevron administrative facility in Malongo. FLEC has targeted  


Western oil companies in the past in hopes of reducing government  


revenues. In late November, FLEC-Renovada claimed credit for  


kidnapping three Polish citizens employed by an Italian forestry  


company. 


Sierra Leone 


On 7 November the rebel group Revolutionary United Front (RUF)  


kidnapped two British engineers working for the Voluntary Service  


Organization. The group also captured four relief workers who were  


subsequently released. 


South Africa 


There were a number of serious incidents of domestic political  


violence in the runup to South Africa's first multiracial election  


in April 1994. There was also one act of international terrorism on  


27 April when members of the rightwing Afrikaner Resistance Movement  


(AWB) detonated a car bomb at the Jan Smuts Airport in Johannesburg.  


The bomb injured 16, including two Russian diplomats and a pilot for  


Swiss Air. 


Togo 


There were a number of incidents of domestic political violence in  


Togo in 1994 and one act of international terrorism. Togolese  


oppositionists, retaliating for what they believe is French support  


for President Eyadama, were probably responsible for a grenade  


attack on a French-


owned restaurant that wounded five French citizens and two Beninese. 


Uganda 


In 1994 the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), an insurgent group  


operating in northern Uganda, carried out a number of attacks  


against foreign relief organizations, accusing them of collaborating  


with the Museveni government. On 23 June, for example, the LRA  


ambushed a World Food Program convoy belonging to the Catholic  


Relief Services. 


Asian Overview 


Ethnic tensions continued to pose serious terrorism concerns in  


South Asia in 1994. The Sri Lankan separatist group Liberation  


Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) is widely believed to have been behind  


an October suicide bombing attack that killed a leading presidential  


candidate and 56 other people. Pakistan continued to provide support  


to some of the insurgents fighting in Indian-controlled Kashmir.  


Targeting of foreigners by Kashmiri militants resulted in several  


high-profile kidnappings in 1994, including the abduction of British  


and American hostages in October and the abduction of British hikers  


near Srinigar, Kashmir, in June. Pakistan continued to claim that  


India supported separatists in Sindh Province. 


Instability in Afghanistan occasionally spilled over into Pakistan.  


Afghan mujahedin kidnapped 81 Pakistanis on a schoolbus in Peshawar  


in February. Pakistani soldiers stormed the bus and killed the three  


Afghan gunmen. More than 20 camps in Afghanistan that once trained  


mujahedin to fight the Soviets are now being used to train militant  


Arabs, Kashmiris, Tajiks, and Muslims for new areas of conflict.  


Several hundred veterans of the Afghan war have been implicated in  


the violence that has wracked Algeria and Egypt during the last  


several years. Many of the supporters of the blind Egyptian cleric  


Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman, several of whom were convicted of the  


bombing of the World Trade Center, fought with or actively supported  


the Afghan mujahedin. 


There were no attacks against US facilities in the Philippines in  


1994. Muslim extremist guerrillas÷probably from the Abu Sayyaf Group  


(ASG)÷


kidnapped an American priest in July. He was rescued by Philippine  


Marines and members of another Muslim group. On 11 December a  


Philippine Airlines 747 en route from Manila to Tokyo was bombed,  


killing one person and injuring at least 10. Khmer Rouge insurgents  


posed a growing threat to travelers in Cambodia. Over the course of  


the year, the group kidnapped and killed at least six Westerners. An  


American was freed in May after one and one-half months in  


captivity. In Thailand, in March, police discovered a truck loaded  


with explosives in downtown Bangkok near the Israeli Embassy, which  


was probably the target of an attack that was aborted when the truck  


became involved in an accident, causing the driver to flee. One  


Iranian has been put on trial in the incident. 


Afghanistan 


Afghanistan, which lacks a functioning government, remains a  


training ground for Islamic militants committed to overthrowing  


regimes that maintain strong ties to Western governments. More than  


20 camps in Afghanistan that once trained mujahedin to fight the  


Soviets are now being used to train militant Arabs, Kashmiris,  


Tajiks, and others for new areas of conflict. Most of these  


facilities÷located south and east of Kabul÷are overseen by the  


nominal Afghan Prime Minister, Gulbuddin Hikmatyar, or by one of his  


domestic rivals÷Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, the leader of a small militant  


Afghan Wahhabi party, who is backed by several affluent foreign  


benefactors. Training in these camps focuses on tactics and  


techniques for conducting terrorist and insurgent operations, such  


as instruction on the use of sophisticated weapons, improvised  


explosives, boobytraps, and timing devices for bombs. The camps  


allow militants from throughout the world to train together, meet  


with new benefactors, and help foster relationships between  


otherwise disparate extremist groups. 


Although only a few thousand veterans of the Afghan Jihad, along  


with a few hundred newly trained militants, are actively engaged in  


insurgent or terrorist activity worldwide, they are often  


responsible for raising the level of sophistication and  


destructiveness of extremist operations. Several hundred veterans of  


the Afghan war have been implicated in the violence that has wracked  


Algeria and Egypt during the last several years. Two of the leading  


Algerian extremists, Kamreddine Kherbane and Boudjemma Bounoua,  


participated in the Afghan Jihad. Many of the supporters of the  


blind Egyptian cleric, Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman, several of whom  


were convicted of the bombing of the World Trade Center, fought with  


or actively supported the Afghan mujahedin. Many Islamists active in  


Egypt's two most violent extremist groups÷al-Gama'a al-


Islamiyya and al-Jihad÷received training in Afghanistan. 


The current Afghan regime÷deeply embroiled in its own struggle for  


survival÷has been unable to control or eliminate the training of  


extremists on its territory or terrorist use of the camps as  


safehavens. Some local Afghan leaders have taken some steps against  


the militants, but their efforts are limited by bickering, greed,  


and the militants' military and financial strength. 


Cambodia 


Diminished by defections and a declining support base, the Khmer  


Rouge increasingly turned toward banditry and terror in 1994. Khmer  


Rouge radio commentaries on several occasions threatened physical  


harm to Americans and other foreign nationals living in Cambodia.  


Travelers in some areas outside Phnom Penh, particularly remote  


rural districts, faced security threats from the Khmer Rouge and  


from bandits. An American was taken hostage and held by Khmer Rouge  


elements for one and one-half months but was eventually released  


unharmed. Many other civilians, however, were killed by the Khmer  


Rouge in 1994. The victims were mainly ordinary Cambodian villagers,  


but foreigners, including Thais, Vietnamese, and six Western  


tourists (three from Britain, two from Australia, and one from  


France), were killed by the Khmer Rouge in 1994. 


India 


India continues to face significant security problems as a result of  


insurgencies in Kashmir and the northeast. Targeting of foreigners  


by Kashmiri militants resulted in several high-profile kidnappings  


in 1994, including the abduction of British and American hostages in  


October and the abduction of British hikers near Srinagar, Kashmir,  


in June. There are credible reports of support by the Government of  


Pakistan for Kashmiri militants. The Government of India has been  


largely successful in controlling the Sikh separatist movement in  


Punjab State, and Sikh militants now only rarely stage attacks in  


India. 


The Indian Government proceeded with the investigation and trial of  


suspects in the series of blasts that struck Bombay on 12 March  


1993. On 5 August 1994, the government arrested a key suspect in the  


case, Yaqub Memon. The Memon family allegedly perpetrated the Bombay  


attack. The Government of India has claimed that Memon was carrying  


documents that incriminated Pakistan. 


Pakistan 


Pakistan continues to experience occasional violence as a result of  


instability in Afghanistan. Much of this violence occurs in  


Pakistan's northwest border region. On 20 February, Afghan mujahedin  


kidnapped 81 Pakistanis on a schoolbus in Peshawar. The hijackers  


ordered the busdriver to proceed to Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's  


residence in Islamabad. Following extensive negotiations, Pakistani  


soldiers stormed the bus and killed the three Afghan gunmen. Some  


regions of Pakistan also suffer from heavy sectarian, political, and  


criminal violence, particularly Sindh Province and its capital,  


Karachi, and the Pakistani tribal area bordering Afghanistan. 


Pakistan recognizes the problems posed by Afghan mujahedin and  


sympathetic Arabs in the Pakistani regions that border Afghanistan.  


In 1994, Islamabad refused to extend the visas of many Arabs who had  


fought in the Afghan war and who had taken refuge in Pakistan's  


tribal areas and the North West Frontier Province. Pakistan also  


closed several nongovernmental organizations it suspected were being  


used as cover agencies for Islamic militants from the Middle East.  


Pakistan concluded an extradition treaty with Egypt in late 1994  


with the express purpose of extraditing "Arab mujahedin" operating  


in Peshawar. 


The Government of Pakistan acknowledges that it continues to give  


moral, political, and diplomatic support to Kashmiri militants but  


denies allegations of other assistance. There were credible reports  


in 1994, however, of official Pakistani support to Kashmiri  


militants. Some support came from private organizations such as the  


Jamaat-i-Islami, Pakistan's largest Islamic party. Pakistan  


condemned the kidnappings in June and October 1994 of foreign  


tourists by Kashmiri militants in India. Pakistan has claimed that  


India provides support for separatists in Sindh Province. 


Philippines 


There were no attacks against official US facilities in the  


Philippines in 1994, but Muslim extremist guerrillas÷probably from  


the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)÷kidnapped an American priest, Clarence  


William Bertelsman, on 31 July. He was held for several hours before  


being rescued by Philippine Marines and members of the largest  


Muslim separatist group, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).  


On 11 December a Philippine Airlines 747 en route from Manila to  


Tokyo was bombed, killing one person and injuring at least 10  


others, mostly Japanese citizens. The Philippine Government has been  


trying to reach a negotiated settlement to both Communist and Muslim  


insurgencies and currently observes a cease-fire with the MNLF as  


talks continue. 


Sri Lanka 


The separatist group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)  


continued to plague the government in 1994, with insurgency and  


terrorism directed against senior Sri Lankan political and military  


leaders in the countryside and in Colombo as well. Despite the  


beginning of peace negotiations between the government and the LTTE,  


the Tigers continued to pose a significant terrorist threat. The  


Tigers are widely believed to be behind an October suicide bombing  


attack that killed a leading presidential candidate and 56 other  


people. 


The LTTE has refrained from targeting Western tourists out of fear  


that foreign governments would crack down on Tamil expatriates  


involved in fundraising activities abroad. However, in April 1994  


the Ellalan Force, an LTTE front group, claimed credit for bombing  


several major tourist hotels in Colombo. The blasts, which caused  


only minor damage and two injuries, probably were intended to damage  


Colombo's tourist industry rather than to harm Westerners. The  


Ellalan Force also claimed in August to have poisoned tea÷Sri  


Lanka's primary export÷with arsenic, although none was ever found.  


Threatening Sri Lanka's two leading economic activities demonstrates  


the Tigers' interest in economic terrorism. The Tigers possess the  


infrastructure to make good on most of their recent threats should  


the current peace talks with the government fail. 


Thailand 


Thai police discovered a truck loaded with an ammonium nitrate  


mixture and about 6 pounds of plastic explosives in downtown Bangkok  


on 17 March. The driver abandoned the truck after hitting another  


vehicle near the Israeli Embassy, which was probably the intended  


target. The Thai Government is prosecuting one Iranian in connection  


with the attempted bombing but concluded it does not have enough  


evidence to charge two other suspects. In southern Thailand, Muslim  


separatists, such as the Pattani United Liberation Front, continued  


to engage in low-level violence against the government. 


European Overview 


Terrorism in Europe declined somewhat in 1994, in part because of a  


cease-fire in Northern Ireland declared by the Provisional Irish  


Republican Army (PIRA) on 1 September, and by the Loyalist  


paramilitary groups in early October. In the eastern Mediterranean  


region, the Greek leftist group 17 November continued to target  


foreign businesses and diplomats, as well as Greek Government  


figures, and the Turkish separatist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)  


attacked tourist sites in western Turkish resort areas on the Aegean  


Sea. In Spain, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty group (ETA)  


continued lethal attacks against Spanish police and military  


targets. A Bosnian Muslim protesting the three-year-old conflict in  


the former Yugoslavia hijacked a domestic SAS flight in Norway;  


there were no casualties. 


Ethnic tensions in regions of the former Soviet Union have spawned  


acts of terrorism in the Caucasus and the Baltic republics. In  


September there was an attempted bombing of an airliner in Georgia.  


In November there was a hijacking of a Russian airliner to Estonia,  


which ended peacefully. In Lithuania, there were two bombings of a  


rail line connecting the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad with the  


Russian republic. Violence in this region has not, for the most  


part, been directed at foreigners. 


Albania 


On 10 April several gunmen crossed into Albania from Greece and  


stormed a border guard facility, killing two persons and seriously  


wounding three others before returning across the Greek border. A  


group calling itself the "Northern Epirus Liberation Front" (MAVI)  


claimed responsibility for the incident. It accused the Albanian  


Government of violating the rights of the ethnic Greek minority in  


Albania and berated Athens for not doing enough to support the  


minority. MAVI also issued a pamphlet last fall announcing the  


commencement of an "armed struggle" against Tirana and demanding,  


inter alia, the cessation of the alleged "colonization" of "Northern  


Epirus"÷the Greek name for southern Albania, which has a large  


ethnic Greek population÷by Albanians from the north. MAVI was the  


name of an ethnic Greek resistance group in Albania during World War  


II that operated first against the invading Italians and then  


against the Communists. Press reports state that the group was  


disbanded in the 1940s, although responsibility for the 1984 bombing  


of the Albanian Embassy in Athens was claimed in its name. 


Azerbaijan 


Several Armenian intelligence officers are being held in Moscow,  


accused of complicity in a series of bombings against the Baku  


Metro, as well as Azerbaijani trains in Russia and Azerbaijan that  


killed 45 persons and wounded at least 130. The Azerbaijani Supreme  


Court sentenced an ethnic Russian involved in the crimes to eight  


years in prison for engaging in intelligence work against Azerbaijan  


and committing acts of sabotage on its territory. 


The Baltics 


Anti-Russian sentiment may have been the catalyst for explosions and  


bomb threats in the Baltics last year. On 28 February, when Latvian  


and Russian delegations resumed talks on the withdrawal of Russian  


troops from Latvia, a minor blast caused by an estimated one-half  


kilogram of TNT damaged a power pylon near Skrunda. When Latvian and  


Russian officials initialed agreements on 15 March allowing Russia  


to retain its radar station for another five and a half years,  


Latvian police discovered and disarmed a timer-controlled device  


armed with 12 kilograms of TNT at the base of another pylon. In  


November, a powerful explosion destroyed a railroad bridge in  


Lithuania on the main railway line for international trains  


traveling between Moscow and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. The  


incident may have been connected to a controversy surrounding  


negotiations over an agreement to allow Russian military trains to  


transit Lithuania to Kaliningrad. 


France 


France scored a number of successes against international terrorists  


in 1994. In August, the Sudanese Government handed over notorious  


terrorist Illych Ramirez Sanchez, a.k.a. "Carlos," previously  


convicted in absentia in France for the murder of two French  


intelligence officers. He will probably be retried on this charge  


and possibly others after French officials complete their  


investigations. In September, French officials also arrested Dursun  


Karatas, leader of the Turkish leftwing group Dev Sol, for entering  


France using a false passport. (He has since apparently escaped.)  


Karatas is under investigation for complicity in attacks against  


French interests in Turkey during the Gulf war. 


French authorities made a number of sweeps against foreign Islamic  


extremists, seizing arms and false documents. They arrested or  


expelled a number of North Africans believed to have links to  


extremist organizations. In November, for example, French police  


detained 80 persons tied to Algeria's Armed Islamic Group. French  


police also arrested several members of the Basque terrorist  


organization ETA, including the group's second-highest ranking  


member, in three separate incidents during the year. 


In December, a French court convicted two Iranians of involvement in  


the murder of former Iranian Prime Minister Bakhtiar in 1991. A  


third defendant, an Iranian Embassy employee, was acquitted. 


On 26 December, France's National Gendarmerie Action Group stormed  


an Air France plane hijacked from Algiers to Marseille, killing the  


four hijackers and rescuing 170 passengers and crew. 


Germany 


The Red Army Faction (RAF) remained deeply divided between those who  


opted for political means and those who wanted to engage in  


violence. German courts granted early release to two RAF members:  


Irmgard Moeller, who served 22 years of a life sentence for a car  


bomb attack that killed three US soldiers in 1972, and Ingrid  


Jakobsmeier, who served two-thirds of her sentence for participating  


in attacks against the US military in 1981. German authorities  


believe the two pose no further terrorist threat. Another RAF  


member, Birgit Hogefeld, went on trial in November for her part in a  


number of attacks, including a bombing at a US airbase in Frankfurt  


in 1985 that killed a US soldier. 


Several smaller leftwing factions resumed operations. After a six-


year hiatus, the Revolutionary Cells (RZ) reappeared with an arson  


attack on the Frankfurt subway system protesting higher fares and  


"racist" practices among ticket controllers. Red Zora, the feminist  


branch of the RZ, also reemerged and set fire to trucks belonging to  


a company that supplied groceries to refugee facilities on the  


premise that the firm was "making money off refugees." Unidentified  


leftwing terrorists, probably on the RAF periphery, bombed offices  


of the ruling political parties in two cities in September. 


Rightwing extremist attacks continued to decline last year. There  


were still more than 1,000 reported attacks÷down from about 2,200 in  


1993÷but arson and mob attacks against refugee homes virtually  


ceased, and assaults on individual foreigners occurred less  


frequently. The most significant incident took place on 12 May, when  


at least 50 youths chased five foreigners through the streets of  


Magdeburg. However, during 1994, the number of anti-Semitic attacks  


increased; rightwing extremists threw firebombs at a synagogue in  


Luebeck and desecrated Jewish cemeteries elsewhere. 


Greece 


Greece was the venue for a large number of international terrorist  


attacks in 1994. The most deadly attack was the 4 July assassination  


of the acting Deputy Chief of Mission of the Turkish Embassy,  


claimed by the Revolutionary Organization 17 November. Events in the  


Balkans probably sparked a number of other attacks against Western  


interests in Greece in April, including an unsuccessful mortar  


attack against the British aircraft carrier Ark Royal in Piraeus  


claimed by 17 November. Attacks also were made against American,  


Dutch, French, and German commercial and diplomatic targets. The  


Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA) claimed two bombing attempts  


against the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugee Affairs. 


In July, three improvised bombs exploded on the Island of Rhodes,  


injuring one foreign tourist and a Greek citizen. No group has  


claimed responsibility. 


Greek authorities made little progress in 1994 against terrorist  


groups, in part due to ambivalent government attitudes toward  


counterterrorism. Greece still lacks a new antiterrorism law to  


replace legislation repealed in December 1993 by the incoming PASOK  


government. In addition, suspected terrorist Georgios Balafas was  


acquitted on 25 July of murder, armed robbery, and other charges. He  


still faces trial in two other cases÷weapons and narcotics  


charges÷but was released in September on "humanitarian" grounds  


after a reported hunger strike. While in the prison hospital, he was  


visited by the then Minister of Transportation and Communications as  


a "gesture of support." 


Italy 


Leftwing groups modeled on the largely defunct Red Brigades carried  


out several small-scale attacks, including the bombing of the NATO  


Defense College in Rome on 10 January. The attack was claimed by the  


Combatant Communist Nuclei for the Construction of the Combatant  


Communist Party. 


In September, four members of the Red Brigades for the Construction  


of the Communist Combatant Party, another neoöRed Brigades group,  


were convicted of involvement in the attack on the NATO base in  


Aviano in September 1993. 


Russia 


Separatist and internal power struggles, particularly in the North  


Caucasus region of Russia, continued to spawn domestic violence and  


terrorism. In July, four gunmen from the separatist Chechnya region  


hijacked a bus carrying more than 40 passengers. The incident ended  


tragically when four hostages were killed as Russian police stormed  


the hijackers' getaway helicopter. There were also a number of  


airplane hijackings, including one in the Chechnya region in which  


the hijacker blew himself up after releasing several passengers and  


watching the others escape. 


Spain 


Spanish authorities scored several successes against the separatist  


group Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), including the disruption  


of the "Comando Vizcaya" subunit in November. One ETA member was  


killed and two arrested after a failed assassination attempt against  


a Spanish soldier. Continuing close cooperation between Spanish and  


French police resulted in a September raid on an ETA explosives  


factory in France and the arrest of five ETA members in November,  


including the group's number-two figure. 


ETA carried out one act of international terrorism in 1994 with the  


attempted assassination of the Spanish military attache in Rome.  


Domestic attacks by ETA fell off at the end of the year, but the  


group retains its lethal capabilities. 


Turkey 


International terrorism has become an important part of the  


Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) campaign to establish a breakaway  


state in southeast Turkey and presents a potentially serious threat  


to US interests. PKK attacks against tourists in Turkey last year  


were particularly violent, although the overall number of terrorist  


attacks was significantly lower than in 1993. Three attacks on  


tourist sites in Istanbul in May killed two foreign tourists÷the  


first to be killed by the PKK÷and injured several others. In June,  


the PKK was also responsible for several small bombs that exploded  


in two Turkish resort towns on the Mediterranean coast, killing a  


British woman and injuring at least 10 other tourists. In the latest  


in a series of kidnappings of foreign travelers, the PKK abducted  


two Finnish tourists on 8 August and released them unharmed three  


weeks later. The PKK also attacked government and commercial targets  


in major Turkish cities, presenting an incidental risk to foreign  


visitors, as well as Turks. PKK terrorist attacks on Turkish  


citizens, including ethnic Kurds, continued unabated. 


The PKK continued to expand its activities in Western Europe, where  


its members clashed with police frequently throughout the year. For  


the first time, the PKK also directly targeted Western interests in  


Europe. It blocked highways in Germany with burning tires in March  


and conducted demonstrations in a number of German cities, some of  


which turned into violent confrontations with the police. After  


German police killed a Kurdish youth in Hannover, the PKK organized  


protests and sit-ins at the German Embassy in Athens and a German  


Consulate in Denmark. The PKK also mounted demonstrations in several  


West European countries after British immigration authorities  


detained Kani Yilmaz, the senior PKK leader in Europe, in October.  


The PKK also opened offices of its political wing (ERNK) in Italy  


and Greece. 


The Marxist/Leninist terrorist group Dev Sol (Devrimci Sol), or  


Revolutionary Left, remained a threat to US interests and personnel  


in Turkey, despite a series of setbacks the group has suffered over  


the last two years. Dev Sol's two factions were largely inactive  


last year as they continued to battle each other and as the Turkish  


police arrested numerous operatives. Some members of the group  


sprang into action after French authorities arrested Dursun Karatas,  


the head of the major Dev Sol faction, on 9 September as he tried to  


enter France from Italy on falsified documents. Over the next  


several weeks, Dev Sol supporters protested in Austria, Belgium, and  


the Netherlands demanding Karatas' release. Dev Sol operatives in  


Turkey assassinated former Justice Minister Mehmet Topac on 29  


September in Ankara and also killed a policeman in Istanbul. 


Several groups of loosely organized Turkish Islamic extremists, who  


advocate an Islamic government for Turkey, attacked targets  


associated with the Turkish secular state. They claimed attacks  


under a variety of names, such as Islamic Jihad, the Islamic  


Movement Organization, and the Islamic Great Eastern Raiders Front.  


The Islamic extremists also pursue a strong anti-Western agenda. In  


May 1994, Islamic terrorists claimed responsibility for bombing the  


Ankara branch of the Freemason organization. In September, a Turkish  


political scientist known for his secular writings escaped death  


when a car bomb planted by Islamic extremists failed to explode. 


United Kingdom 


The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) announced a "complete  


cessation of military operations" beginning on 1 September. Other  


Republican splinter groups in Northern Ireland also ceased attacks  


after that date, although most have not formally agreed to a cease-


fire. PIRA's leadership denied authorizing the use of firearms in a  


robbery on 10 November carried out by a lower-level unit in Newry  


that resulted in the death of a postal worker. The Combined Military  


Loyalist Command, an umbrella group comprising three loyalist  


paramilitary groups, announced its own cease-fire beginning 14  


October. 


Both Loyalists and Republicans carried out a number of international  


and domestic terrorist attacks before the cease-fire. Loyalists  


carried out several attacks in the Republic of Ireland, including a  


lethal attack in May on a Dublin pub during a Sinn Fein fundraiser.  


In March three separate attacks by PIRA on Heathrow International  


Airport in London failed when the mortar rounds used did not  


detonate. 


On 26 October, British authorities arrested Faysal Dunlayici, a.k.a.  


Kani Yilmaz, a high-ranking leader of the PKK based in Europe. The  


arrest sparked protests from PKK supporters in the United Kingdom,  


and Germany and Turkey have requested his extradition. 


On 26 July, a bomb contained in a car exploded outside the Israeli  


Chancery in London at approximately noon causing substantial  


structural damage and injuring 14 persons. The car carrying the  


explosives was driven by a woman described as in her fifties and  


"Middle Eastern" in appearance. On 27 July, shortly after midnight,  


another bomb contained in a car exploded in north London outside  


Balfour House, a Jewish fundraising organization. This bomb caused  


some structural damage to the building but resulted in limited  


casualties, primarily because of the time it was detonated. Five  


passers-by were injured by the blast. 


Former Yugoslavia 


Ethnic conflict and endemic violence plagued the former Yugoslavia  


for a third year, although in 1994 the fighting was largely  


restricted to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Meanwhile, a Bosnian Muslim,  


claiming that he wanted to focus world attention on the plight of  


his kinsmen, hijacked an SAS airliner during a domestic flight in  


Norway on 3 November. He surrendered peacefully to Norwegian  


authorities after landing in Oslo. This was the first such incident  


on behalf of one of the warring factions of the former Yugoslavia. 


Latin American Overview 


Latin America continued to have a high level of international  


terrorist activity, although the number of attacks decreased by 40  


percent from the previous year to 58 attacks. 


In July, an attack on the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association  


(AMIA) in Buenos Aires killed nearly 100 persons and injured more  


than 200. The leading suspect in this incident is Hizballah. Twenty-


one persons, of whom 12 were Jewish, were killed when a Panamanian  


commuter aircraft was bombed in July, apparently by a suicide  


bomber. These attacks raised concerns about the reported presence of  


members of Hizballah in Latin America, especially in the triborder  


area where Brazilian, Argentine, and Paraguayan territories meet. 


Colombia continued to suffer the highest incidence of terrorist  


violence in the region. Guerrillas attacked the democratic process  


by attempting to sabotage Colombia's 1994 presidential,  


congressional, and departmental elections. Rebel organizations also  


targeted petroleum companies and infiltrated trade unions,  


particularly in the banana and petroleum industries, intimidating  


rank-and-file union members. US business interests and Mormon  


missionaries were attacked by guerrillas, and nine US citizens were  


being held hostage by guerrillas at the end of the year. Six of  


these were US missionaries. Kidnapping continued as a major source  


of income for the Colombian guerrillas. 


Guerrillas in the region continued to attack national interests  


causing damage to local economies particularly in Colombia, Peru,  


and Guatemala. In the Andean Region, the connection between  


guerrilla groups and narco-


traffickers remained strong. Guerrillas forced coca and amapola  


cultivators to pay protection money and attacked government efforts  


to reduce production. 


Terrorist violence decreased in Peru during the year. The Sendero  


Luminoso (Shining Path) assassinated 150 persons, down from 516 the  


previous year when its leader was imprisoned. Various Peruvian  


terrorist groups suffered setbacks due to arrests, casualties, and  


defections under the government's amnesty program. Government  


actions in Chile also resulted in a decline of terrorist violence. 


In reaction to the terrorist violence in the region, the heads of  


state of the Western Hemisphere nations adopted a plan of action  


against terrorism at the December Summit of the Americas. The plan  


called for cooperation among nations in combating terrorism and for  


the prosecution of terrorists while protecting human rights. The  


nations of the hemisphere also agreed to convene a special OAS  


conference on the prevention of terrorism and reaffirmed the  


importance of extradition treaties in combating terrorism. 


Argentina 


Argentina suffered the worst terrorist attack perpetrated in Latin  


America during 1994. On 18 July, a suicide bomber detonated a  


vehicle loaded with explosives in front of the AMIA. The powerful  


bombing killed nearly 100 people, many of whom were crushed by the  


collapsing building. The bombing of Argentina's main Jewish center  


was operationally similar to the 1992 bombing directed against the  


Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, which left 29 persons dead and  


destroyed the building. The Islamic Jihad organization, an arm of  


the Lebanese Hizballah, claimed responsibility for the 1992 bombing.  


According to media reports, an organization using the name Ansar  


Allah, or Followers of God, issued a statement expressing support  


for the 1994 operation. The Argentine Government dedicated  


substantial resources to investigate the bombing, but the crime  


remained unsolved at yearend. 


Chile 


Politically motivated violence in Chile declined dramatically in  


1994 as Chilean security forces reined in the nation's terrorist  


groups. In June, the government all but eliminated the Lautaro  


terrorist organization by capturing its founder and leader,  


Guillermo Ossandon, one of the most wanted outlaws in Chile. A  


second round of arrests was made against second-tier Lautaro leaders  


in August. Two prominent members of the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic  


Front (FPMR) voluntarily returned from exile to Chile and were  


arrested by police. One of them, Sergio Buschman÷wanted for his role  


in directing a multiton shipment of Cuban-supplied weapons into  


Chile in 1986÷had escaped from a Chilean prison in 1987 and lived  


several years in Nicaragua. 


Colombia 


Colombia's two main guerrilla groups÷the Revolutionary Armed Forces  


of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army  


(ELN)÷intensified political violence during 1994, particularly  


preceding presidential, congressional, and municipal elections. In  


part to intimidate politicians and government officials, the  


insurgents conducted dozens of bombings, kidnappings of candidates,  


and assassinations of local officials and members of the security  


forces. In July, the FARC assassinated an Army general, the highest  


ranking Army casualty in two decades. 


While the vast majority of the violence in the nation was directed  


against local targets, Colombia was the location of 41 international  


terrorist attacks in 1994, the highest in the region. Oil pipelines  


owned jointly by the Government of Colombia and Western companies  


continued to be bombed by the rebels, but at a slower pace than in  


1993. US interests sustained several terrorist attacks during the  


year, more than in any other Latin American country. For instance,  


suspected ELN rebels bombed a Coca-Cola plant in January, and FARC  


and ELN guerrillas attacked at least five Mormon churches during the  


year. The rebels also conducted a series of kidnappings of US  


citizens; the FARC is suspected of kidnapping at least five US  


citizens in 1994. At yearend, both rebel groups held hostage as many  


as nine Americans, six of whom are US missionaries. This appears to  


be the largest number of Americans held in Colombia at any one time. 


In 1994 there were 1,378 reported kidnappings, a 35-percent increase  


from 1993. This figure, however, is considered low because many  


families deal with the kidnappers directly without reporting the  


crime. It is estimated that 50 percent of these recorded instances  


were by guerrillas who rely on the ransom payments to finance their  


activities. 


In November, after only a few months in office, President Ernesto  


Samper announced his administration's willingness to negotiate with  


the nation's violent guerrilla organizations, emphasizing that the  


insurgents need to demonstrate a genuine desire for reaching a  


negotiated settlement. Unlike his predecessor, the President did not  


condition negotiations on a rebel cease-fire. While both the FARC  


and ELN have characterized the government's proposal as positive,  


government officials cautioned against expectations that  


negotiations would begin soon. 


The government is also exposing further links between the guerrillas  


and narcotraffickers. Various guerrilla fronts, particularly in  


southeastern Colombia, provide security and other services for  


different narcotics trafficking organizations. 


Ecuador 


The only significant act of domestic terrorism in 1994 was the  


dynamiting of a power transmission tower in May by a group known as  


the Red Sun, which led to the rapid apprehension of the group's  


leadership. The group was disbanded following the arrest of its  


leaders. 


[INSET] 


HAMAS Attacks 


Operations by the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) against  


Israelis in the occupied territories and inside Israel have  


increased in number and lethality. While most of these incidents,  


which are aimed at the peace process, do not qualify as  


"international terrorism" and as such do not appear in the  


statistics in the appendix of this book, they are a very disturbing  


trend. 


HAMAS attacks killed 55 Israelis and wounded more than 130 in 1994,  


resulting in the highest number of Israeli casualties inside Israel  


since the intifadah began in 1987: 


--  Car bomb attacks in April on commuter buses in Afula and a bus  


station in Hadera killed 14 and wounded approximately 75. A bomb on  


a commuter bus in downtown Tel Aviv in October during the early  


morning commuter hours killed 22 and wounded at least 48, and a 25  


December bomb attack on an Israeli Defense Force (IDF) bus in  


Jerusalem wounded 12. 


--  HAMAS militants conducted other high-profile attacks that did  


not involve bombs: a shooting on a busy tourist street in  


Jerusalem÷a few blocks from the King David Hotel where Secretary of  


State Warren Christopher was staying÷that killed two and wounded 14,  


and the kidnapping of IDF Corporal Nachshon Wachsman on the same  


day. After intense security sweeps by the Israelis and the  


Palestinian Authority, the kidnappers' hideout was eventually  


discovered and a rescue attempted on 14 October. During the attempt,  


Wachsman, another IDF soldier, and three HAMAS personnel were  


killed. Wachsman held dual US-Israeli citizenship. 


--  The Movement kept up a steady drumbeat of small-scale attacks  


during 1994. According to press reports, HAMAS members killed at  


least 13 IDF soldiers and settlers in small-scale knife attacks,  


shootings, and at least one ax murder of a female IDF soldier. 


HAMAS attacks would have killed even more Israelis during the past  


year, but several miscarried. According to press reports, at least  


two HAMAS car bombs exploded prematurely, killing only the bombers.  


In the 25 December attack, the IDF's bus driver in Jerusalem did not  


allow the bomber to enter the bus. The bomber detonated the device  


on the street, killing himself but no passengers, although 12 were  


injured. 


[END INSET]  (###) 





Guatemala 


Despite on-again/off-again peace talks, Guatemala's34-year-old  


insurgency continues. There are three major armed guerrilla  


groups÷the FAR (Revolutionary Armed Forces), the ORPA (Revolutionary  


Organization of the People in Arms), and the EGP (Guerrilla Army of  


the Poor). These groups, along with the Communist PGT (Guatemalan  


Workers' Party), are allied in the URNG (Guatemalan National  


Revolutionary Union). 


Panama 


On 19 July a bomb aboard a commuter plane flying between Colon and  


Panama City detonated, killing all 21 persons aboard, including  


three American citizens. Twelve of the passengers were Jews.  


According to media reports, an organization using the name Ansar  


Allah, or Followers of God, issued a statement expressing support  


for the bombing, which appeared to be a suicide operation by a  


person with a Middle Eastern name. Panama has made no arrests in  


connection with the bombing, but it is cooperating closely with a US  


law enforcement investigation. 


At yearend, Panamanian authorities had outstanding arrest warrants  


for two of the three individuals sought for questioning in  


connection with the 1992 murder of US Army Corporal Zak Hernandez.  


On 23 September, Panamanian President Ernesto Perez Balladares  


granted amnesties to 216 individuals, including six former  


Panamanian Defense Force personnel linked to the 1989 kidnapping,  


torture, and murder of American citizen Raymond Dragseth during  


Operation Just Cause. 


Peru 


Political violence and the number of international terrorist  


incidents in Peru declined in 1994. Both of Peru's terrorist  


organizations÷Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) and the Tupac Amaru  


Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)÷suffered serious reversals during the  


year, including numerous arrests, casualties, and defections under  


the government's amnesty program for terrorists, which was phased  


out in November. The MRTA, the smaller of the two groups, was hit  


hard by the government's counterterrorism effort and is virtually  


defunct. 


Two years after the capture of Abimael Guzman, Sendero Luminoso's  


founder and leader, the Maoist terrorist group is struggling,  


attempting to rebuild and resolve its leadership problems. Guzman's  


1993 peace offer continued to divide the organization between  


Sendero militants in favor of continuing the armed struggle and  


those preferring to adhere to their jailed leader's proposal.  


Consequently, recruitment of new cadres has been hindered. Moreover,  


during the past two years Sendero's financial lifeline÷the narcotics  


industry in the coca-rich Upper Huallaga Valley (UHV)÷was disrupted,  


largely because of a coca plant fungus in UHV and a more active  


government counternarcotics policy. 


The Fujimori government continued to maintain its momentum against  


Sendero in 1994. Peruvian police detained two Sendero Central  


Committee members operating in Lima, weakening the group's urban  


infrastructure and a planned terrorism campaign to commemorate a  


revered Sendero anniversary in June. The arrests further exacerbated  


logistic and financial problems in the organization. One of the  


detainees, Moises Limaco, was one of the most senior Sendero leaders  


reportedly responsible for coordinating logistics and personnel. 


Despite these setbacks, Sendero proved it can still inflict serious  


damage. During 1994, Sendero murdered more than 150 Peruvians, down  


from 516 in 1993. In February, suspected Sendero militants detonated  


an 80-


kilogram car bomb against the Air Force headquarters building in  


central Lima, killing two persons. In October, the group destroyed  


six electrical towers, cutting off power temporarily in nearly all  


of Lima, much of the Peruvian coast, and part of the Sierra  


highlands. 


Uruguay 


Three suspected members of the Basque separatist movement ETA were  


extradited to Spain in August by the Uruguayan Supreme Court.  


President Luis Alberto Lacalle's refusal to grant political asylum  


for the three prompted death threats against Uruguayan diplomats in  


Spain. Riots outside the hospital where the hunger strikers were  


held on the day of their extradition resulted in one death, 90  


injuries, and 28 arrests. 


Middle Eastern Overview 


Terrorist violence in the Middle East continued at a high level in  


1994. Extremist Muslim groups, such as the Islamic Resistance  


Movement (HAMAS) and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), demonstrated  


an increasingly deadly and sophisticated capability to mount  


terrorist attacks aimed at destroying the Middle East peace process.  


In Algeria, a brutal internal conflict escalated, posing new threats  


to the foreign community and the safety of civil aviation. 


In Israel and the occupied territories, the peace process came under  


sustained attack by militants determined to derail the negotiations  


between the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the Government of Israel.  


Both HAMAS and the PIJ increased their activities within Israel, in  


the process demonstrating an improved ability to mount more  


sophisticated and deadly attacks. In the worst such incident during  


the year, the military wing of HAMAS, the Izz el-Din al-Qassam  


Brigades, claimed responsibility for the 19 October suicide bombing  


of a commuter bus in the heart of downtown Tel Aviv that killed 22  


Israelis. PIJ also claimed numerous attacks on Israelis, including  


the 11 November suicide bombing at Netzarim junction in Gaza that  


killed three Israeli soldiers. The Chairman of the PA, Yasir Arafat,  


condemned these attacks and took some steps to counter anti-Israeli  


terrorism. PA security cooperation with Israeli authorities was  


generally close, as demonstrated by the substantial assistance  


provided by Palestinian security authorities to Israel during the  


hunt for a kidnapped Israeli Army corporal in October. Nevertheless,  


Israeli officials called for a more effective crackdown by the PA on  


Palestinian terrorist elements. Violent Jewish opposition to the  


peace process also occurred; in March, the Israeli Government banned  


the extremist Kach and Kahane Chai groups as terrorist organizations  


after a Kach member murdered 29 Palestinian worshippers in a Hebron  


mosque in February. 


The security situation in Algeria continued to deteriorate as the  


Armed Islamic Group (AIG) stepped up attacks against the Algerian  


regime and civilians. Foreigners resident in Algeria were key  


targets as well; 63 were killed during 1994 by AIG forces. A French  


Consulate employee was slain in January, and in August an attempt  


was made to explode a car bomb at a French diplomatic housing  


compound. The AIG employed an ominous new tactic in December, when  


AIG militants hijacked an Air France jet at Algiers airport, killing  


a French Embassy cook and a Vietnamese diplomat in the process.  


Efforts by the major Islamist and non-Islamist opposition parties to  


establish a political dialogue with the regime were unsuccessful,  


increasing the likelihood of intensified political violence. 


In Egypt, the security services scored numerous successes against  


militants seeking to overthrow the government and establish an  


Islamic state. Intensified counterterrorism efforts, improved police  


work, and the death of an important Islamic Group (IG) leader in a  


police raid in April helped disrupt IG activities and stem the tide  


of antiforeigner attacks, which killed five tourists in 1994. IG  


threats against the UN-


sponsored International Conference on Population and Development did  


not result in any security incidents, most likely due to the efforts  


of Egyptian security authorities and a still disorganized IG. The IG  


does, however, retain the capacity to attack foreign targets and  


disrupt the tourism industry, as evidenced by shooting assaults in  


September and October that killed three foreigners and three  


Egyptians. 


Jordanian authorities continued in 1994 to maintain a tight grip on  


the internal security situation. Dozens of individuals were arrested  


in terrorism-related cases during the year, including 20 persons  


suspected of involvement in a series of bombings and other planned  


terrorist incidents. Jordan and Israel signed a full treaty of peace  


on 26 October 1994. Under the terms of the treaty, Jordan and Israel  


are committed to cooperation in combating terrorism of all kinds.  


However, HAMAS and other Palestinian extremists continue to maintain  


a presence in Amman. 


Security conditions in Lebanon improved during 1994 as the  


government continued to take steps to extend its authority and  


reestablish the rule of law. In January, the government promptly  


arrested and prosecuted persons associated with the ANO and who  


assassinated a Jordanian diplomat. In April a prominent Iraqi  


expatriate oppositionist residing in Beirut was assassinated. The  


Government of Lebanon stated that it had firm evidence linking the  


killing to the Government of Iraq, arrested two Iraqi diplomats in  


connection with the incident, and broke diplomatic relations with  


Iraq. In March, the government banned armed demonstrations after a  


public celebration by the militant organization Hizballah. The  


government also put on trial former Lebanese Forces warlord Samir  


Ja'ja on charges of domestic terrorism and announced that the  


investigation into the 1983 bombings of the US and French  


peacekeepers' barracks would be "revived." However, significant  


threats to the safety of foreigners remained. Hizballah publicly  


threatened American interests and continued to operate with impunity  


in areas of Lebanon not controlled by the central government,  


including the south, the Biq'a Valley, and Beirut's southern  


suburbs. Numerous Palestinian groups with a history of terrorist  


violence maintain a presence in Lebanon; these include the Popular  


Front for the Liberation of PalestineöGeneral Command and the ANO. 


Moroccan authorities, alarmed by an attack on a hotel in Marrakech  


in August that killed two Spanish tourists, sought evidence that the  


incident was linked to other assaults in the country. Allegations  


surfaced that these attacks were politically related to the crisis  


in Algeria. Criminal motivations, however, are another strong  


possibility, and the August attack was not followed by other such  


incidents as of the end of the year. 


Algeria 


The overall security situation deteriorated even further in 1994 as  


violence intensified throughout the country, affecting Algerians  


from all walks of life. Although Islamic extremists remained highly  


fractionalized, most of the violence was focused against regime and  


military targets. The extremist AIG waged a bloody war against  


Algerian civilians. The AIG also targeted foreigners, with 63 killed  


in 1994. 


The influence of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) over the  


extremist elements appeared to slip even further in 1994 as most of  


the group's leaders remained in prison. In September the government  


released into house arrest FIS president Abassi Madani and vice  


president Ali Belhadj. The overall level of violence on all sides  


nonetheless increased. 


The extremist AIG instead intensified its attacks against Algerian  


civilians, including journalists, unveiled women and girls, the  


intelligentsia, and anyone it accused of "cooperating" with the  


regime. The group often used tactics such as beheading and throat-


slitting. Attacks against foreigners also increased markedly since  


the AIG began its antiforeigner campaign in September 1993. On 15  


January a French Consulate employee was murdered; the campaign  


against French residents in Algeria reached a peak with the 3 August  


attack on a French diplomat housing compound where extremists  


attempted to detonate a car laden with explosives. 


Other examples of attacks against foreigners included the 8 May  


murders of two French priests, the 11 July attack against five  


foreigners on their way to work at a state-owned oil site, the one-


week hostage holding of the Omani and Yemeni Ambassadors, and the 18  


October execution of two Schlumberger employees at a Sonatrach oil  


site. The AIG's attacks against foreigners grew more sophisticated  


throughout 1994, and the group's operations demonstrated a  


significant level of coordination in some cases. While the AIG was  


responsible for most of the attacks against foreigners in 1994,  


there are many extremist cells operating in Algeria that do not fall  


under a central authority that may also be responsible for such  


attacks. 


On 24 December, members of the AIG hijacked an Air France flight in  


Algeria. The plane arrived in Marseille, France, on 26 December. A  


French antiterrorist unit stormed the plane, ending the 54-hour  


siege in which three hostages were killed by the terrorists. All  


four terrorists were killed during the rescue. 


Despite the Algerian regime's "carrot and stick" approach, the  


security situation at the end of 1994 remained grim. Efforts by the  


major Islamist and non-Islamist opposition parties to establish a  


political dialogue with the regime were unsuccessful; at no point  


during these efforts did the military halt its campaign against the  


Islamists. President Zeroual announced in November 1994 that  


presidential elections would take place by the end of 1995 but left  


open the question of who would be allowed to participate. The major  


opposition parties denounced the election proposal. Continued  


bloodshed appeared to be the most likely scenario for the beginning  


of 1995. 


Egypt 


The pace of attacks by Islamic extremists on tourist sites in Egypt  


fell off somewhat during 1994. Five foreign tourists were killed in  


separate attacks, and more than 20 Egyptian civilians were killed in  


various attacks throughout Egypt in 1994. Egypt's tourism industry,  


which had suffered greatly from the sustained 1993 campaign of  


attacks against tourist sites, began to recover somewhat in 1994 as  


the Egyptian Government made some successful gains in stemming the  


attacks. 


Most attacks against Egyptian official and civilian targets, and  


against foreign tourists, were claimed by the extremist Islamic  


Group (IG). The IG seeks the violent overthrow of the Egyptian  


Government and began attacking tourist targets in 1992. The IG  


considers Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman its "spiritual" leader; at  


yearend, he awaited trial in the United States on charges related to  


the conspiracy to attack various New York City landmarks and the  


United Nations. 


In February, the IG initiated a limited bombing campaign against  


Western banks in the Cairo area. Over two months, seven banks were  


bombed, and an additional four bombs planted at other banks were  


defused. Injuries were limited, and only one of the banks suffered  


major damage. Nonetheless, the bank bombing campaign represented an  


extension of the IG's antiforeigner attacks, and it coincided with  


another IG campaign of attacks against trains in Assiut, upper  


Egypt. Eight tourists were injured in February in a series of  


shooting attacks against trains running in that province. The bank  


bombings ended in March with the arrests of the alleged  


perpetrators. 


In April, Egypt stepped up its counterterrorism efforts, focusing  


particularly on the Cairo area. An important IG leader was killed  


during a police raid, which appeared to disrupt the organization of  


the group. There was a significant drop in the number of violent  


incidents from April through August throughout Egypt, but  


particularly in Cairo. This was accomplished by more effective  


police work, enhanced security in the troubled Assiut Province, and  


perhaps a dropoff in recruitment levels of extremists. 


In August, the IG attacked a tourist bus in upper Egypt, killing one  


Spanish tourist and warning foreigners not to come to Egypt for the  


International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). The  


UN-


sponsored ICPD was held in September in Cairo; no incidents occurred  


in Cairo during the conference, probably due in part to greatly  


enhanced security and a still disorganized IG. 


The IG continued to pose a limited threat to foreigners in Egypt at  


the close of 1994, as a September shooting attack on a market street  


in the Red Sea resort area of Hurghada resulted in the death of one  


German tourist and two Egyptians. In the fall, the IG appeared to  


shift the venue of its attacks to the upper Egyptian Provinces of  


Minya and Qena. An October attack on a minibus traveling in upper  


Egypt, which led to the death of a British tourist, demonstrated  


that the IG retained the capability to inflict injuries and damage  


the tourism industry. 


Israel and the Occupied Territories 


Terrorist attacks and violence instigated by Palestinians continued  


at a high level in 1994. Seventy-three Israeli soldiers and  


civilians were killed and more than 100 wounded in 1994, up slightly  


from 1993. There was a significant increase in the number of  


Israelis killed inside Israel÷as compared with only 14 in 1993. 


The Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) killed roughly 55 Israelis  


and wounded more than 150 in 1994 as part of a terror campaign to  


derail the peace process. HAMAS's armed wing, the Izz el-Din al-


Qassam, claimed responsibility for the April bombings of buses in  


Afula and Hadera, which together killed 14 Israelis and wounded  


nearly 75. In October, al-


Qassam launched three high-profile attacks on Israelis: the 9  


October shooting of people on the streets of Jerusalem, which left  


two dead; the kidnapping of Israel Defense Force Corporal Nachshon  


Wachsman, which resulted in the killing of Wachsman and one other  


Israeli soldier; and the bombing of a commuter bus in Tel Aviv,  


which killed 22. HAMAS spokesmen announced that these attacks were  


part of the group's policy of jihad against the "Israeli occupation  


of all of Palestine" and retaliation for the Hebron Massacre. 


Other Palestinian groups that reject the Gaza-Jericho accord and the  


peace process also attacked Israelis. Palestinian Islamic Jihad  


(PIJ)ö


Shiqaqi faction claimed responsibility for a suicide bomber who  


attacked an Israeli patrol in Gaza in November killing three Israeli  


soldiers. PIJ claimed at least 18 other attacks on Israelis,  


including a shooting on a commuter bus stop on 7 April that killed  


two in Ashdod, south of Tel Aviv. The Democratic Front for the  


Liberation of Palestine and the Popular Front for the Liberation of  


Palestine claimed responsibility for several attacks on Israeli  


settlers and soldiers. 


Yasir Arafat, Chairman of the Palestinian Authority (PA), tried to  


rein in Palestinian violence against Israel in 1994. The PA police  


force took some steps to curtail anti-Israeli attacks, including  


several mass detentions and a strong effort to find where Corporal  


Wachsman was detained by HAMAS. Arafat and other senior PA officials  


condemned acts of terrorism by HAMAS and the PIJ, but did not do so  


when individuals associated with the Fatah Hawks, nominally aligned  


with Arafat's Fatah organization, were responsible for a few attacks  


in early 1994. Israeli officials urged the PA to take tougher  


measures against terrorists. 


Intra-Palestinian violence has increased since the implementation of  


the Gaza-Jericho accord began on 4 May. On 18 November, 13  


Palestinians were killed and more than 150 wounded when Palestinian  


Police clashed with HAMAS and PIJ supporters who were planning to  


demonstrate in Gaza. This incident followed several protests by  


weapons-bearing Islamists in the weeks following the HAMAS  


kidnapping of Corporal Wachsman and the PA's mass roundup of HAMAS  


supporters. In 1994, Fatah Hawks and HAMAS killed at least 20  


Palestinians whom the extremists labeled as collaborators. 


The Israeli Cabinet outlawed the Jewish extremist groups Kach and  


Kahane Chai in March, declaring them to be terrorist organizations  


after Baruch Goldstein, who was a Kach member, attacked Palestinian  


worshippers at Hebron's al-Ibrahimi Mosque in February, killing 29  


persons and wounding more than 200. Neither Kach nor Kahane Chai  


assisted or directed Goldstein in his attack, but both organizations  


vocally supported him. The leading figures of these groups were  


arrested and held in Israeli prisons on charges of calling for  


attacks on Palestinians and Israeli Government officials. In  


September, Shin Bet arrested 11 Jewish extremists who were planning  


terrorist attacks against Palestinians. 


Israel's intense border security appeared effectively to prevent  


infiltrations from Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. In March, a team of  


four DFLP terrorists was intercepted by Israel Defense Force troops.  


Katyusha rocket attacks from southern Lebanon into northern Israel  


by Hizballah and Palestinian rejectionist groups decreased in 1994,  


and no Israelis were killed in the attacks. Hizballah guerrillas,  


often in response to Israeli attacks on a Lebanese village, fired  


Katyusha rockets on four occasions from January to July 1994 and  


launched several Katyushas in October hours before the signing of  


the Jordanian-Israeli peace accord attended by President Clinton. 


Jordan 


Jordanian security and police closely monitor extremists inside the  


country and detain individuals suspected of involvement in violent  


acts aimed at destabilizing the government or undermining its  


relations with neighboring states. Jordan maintains tight security  


along its border with Israel and has interdicted individuals  


attempting to infiltrate into Israel. On 26 October 1994 Jordan and  


Israel signed a full treaty of peace that commits the two parties to  


cooperation in a variety of areas, including combating terrorism. In  


1994 two new international border crossing points were established  


between Jordan and Israel. 


Jordanian authorities arrested dozens of people in terrorism-related  


cases during 1994. On 20 February, authorities arrested 30 persons  


in Amman, including 15 suspected members of the ANO. The arrests  


reportedly occurred in connection with the assassination of a  


Jordanian diplomat in January in Beirut by the ANO. In 1994, 25  


Islamists (referred to as the "Arab Afghans") were arrested and  


tried for planning to overthrow the government, assassinate  


prominent Jordanians, and attack public and private institutions.  


The State Security Court handed down verdicts on 21 December and  


sentenced 11 defendants to death, sentenced seven to various prison  


terms with hard labor, and acquitted the remaining defendants of all  


charges. Two individuals were also arrested for stabbing tourists in  


downtown Amman on 27 February, two days after the massacre of  


Palestinian worshippers on the West Bank by a Jewish extremist. 


A variety of Palestinian rejectionist groups have offices in Jordan,  


including the PFLP, PFLP-GC, DFLP, PIJ, and HAMAS. In April, King  


Hussein announced that HAMAS was an "illegal" organization in  


Jordan. After the King's announcement, HAMAS spokespersons in Jordan  


were more circumspect in their statements and often issued  


statements from other locations. 


Lebanon 


The security situation in Lebanon continued to improve during 1994  


as Beirut endeavored to reestablish its authority and rebuild the  


country in the wake of the devastating 16-year civil war. Although  


the Lebanese Government has made some moves to limit the autonomy of  


individuals and powerful groups÷specifically Hizballah÷there are  


still considerable areas of relative lawlessness throughout Lebanon.  


Beirut and its environs are safer for some non-Lebanese now than as  


recently as a year ago, but the Bekaa Valley and other Hizballah  


strongholds are considerably more dangerous than the capital,  


especially for Westerners, who are still subject to attacks. In  


June, for example, a German citizen was the victim of an apparent  


kidnapping attempt perpetrated by Hizballah in Ba'labakk. The would-


be victim's assailants fled after passers-by noticed the commotion.  


There is credible evidence that Hizballah continues its surveillance  


of Americans; Hizballah also continues to issue public threats  


against American interests. 


Hizballah has yet to be disarmed, but Beirut is making efforts to  


restrict activities by the group that challenge the government's  


authority. For example, the government banned armed demonstrations  


after Hizballah's celebration of Martyr's Day in the Bekaa Valley in  


March and issued arrest warrants for participants who were  


brandishing weapons during the march. In February when Hizballah,  


without reference to the state authority, tried and executed a  


teenager in Ba'labakk accused of murder, prominent members of  


Parliament publicly admonished the group and said such acts by  


nongovernmental organizations should not be tolerated. However,  


neither the judiciary nor law enforcement agencies made any effort  


to interfere in or investigate the affair. 


The Lebanese Government took judicial steps during 1994 to signal  


that violence is not an acceptable means for achieving domestic  


political change. In January, the government promptly arrested and  


prosecuted persons associated with the ANO and who assassinated a  


Jordanian diplomat. 


On 12 April, a prominent Iraqi expatriate oppositionist residing in  


Beirut was assassinated. The Government of Lebanon stated that it  


had firm evidence linking the killing to the Government of Iraq and  


arrested two Iraqi diplomats in connection with the incident.  


Lebanon subsequently broke diplomatic relations with Iraq. 


In July a Lebanese criminal court refused to convict two defendants  


in the 1976 killings of the US Ambassador, Francis Meloy, and the  


economic counselor, Robert Waring. The Lebanese Court of Cassation  


agreed to order a retrial after intervention by the government's  


prosecutor general. The trial is set to begin in March 1995. 


Lebanese authorities arrested Lebanese Forces Leader Samir Ja'ja on  


charges of domestic terrorism÷including the bombing of a Maronite  


church in Zuk in February that killed 11 persons and wounded 59. His  


trial was ongoing as of the end of the year. In November, the  


government suggested it would "revive" the investigation into the  


1983 bombings of the US and French Marine barracks. Although viewed  


by some as a message to Hizballah of government intention to  


reassert authority, the government has not yet followed its  


announcement with concrete action. In December the government  


accepted an invitation from the US Government to send an official  


delegation to Washington to discuss means to improve the security  


situation in Lebanon. 


Morocco 


On 24 August two Spanish tourists were killed when gunmen opened  


fire at the Atlas Asni hotel in Marrakech during an apparent robbery  


attempt. After initial investigations, Moroccan officials linked the  


hotel attack to other assaults throughout Morocco, including the  


attempted robberies of a bank and a McDonald's restaurant in 1993.  


Nine suspects were arrested, and Moroccan authorities claimed to  


have discovered an arms cache hidden by the group. 


There have been allegations that Islamic extremists related to the  


Algerian militant movement were behind the Marrakech incident. But  


some Moroccan officials have also claimed that members of the  


Algerian security services were behind the attack, hoping to foment  


instability in Morocco to take the international focus off the  


Algerian crisis. The real motives of the attackers remain unclear,  


and the incident could easily have been an ordinary criminal attack.  


As of 31 December, the Marrakech attack was not followed by similar  


incidents in Morocco. 


State-Sponsored Terrorism Overview 


The provision of funding, safehaven, and weapons and logistic  


support to terrorists by sovereign states is crucial to the  


operation of many international terrorist organizations. Such  


support continues in defiance of the international community's  


unequivocal condemnation of terrorism and those who support it.  


Recognizing the danger that such support represents, a primary aim  


of our counterterrorism policy has been to apply pressure to such  


states to stop that support and to make them pay the cost if they  


persist. We do this by publicly identifying state sponsors and by  


imposing economic, diplomatic, and sometimes military sanctions.  


Seven nations are designated as states that sponsor international  


terrorism: Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria. 


Cuba is no longer able to actively support armed struggle in Latin  


America and other parts of the world as the Castro regime has become  


preoccupied with its struggle for existence. Although there is no  


evidence of direct sponsorship of terrorist acts in 1994, Havana  


does provide safehaven for several international terrorists. Cuba  


has not renounced political support for groups that engage in  


international terrorism. 


Iran is still the most active state sponsor of international  


terrorism. Iranian terrorist operations concentrate on Iranian  


dissidents living outside Iran. While Tehran has tried to moderate  


its public image in the West, Iran continues to use terrorism as  


ruthlessly as it did under Khomeini and supports groups, such as  


Hizballah, that pose a threat to Americans. In December, a French  


court handed down a decision in the trial of three Iranians accused  


of participating in the 1991 murder of former Iranian Prime Minister  


Bakhtiar and an assistant. One was sentenced to life and one to 10  


years in prison, while the third, an employee of the Iranian Embassy  


in Bern, was acquitted. Iran remains committed to carrying out the  


death sentence imposed on British author Salman Rushdie. Iran's main  


client, Hizballah, could well have been responsible for the 18 July  


bombing of the Argentine-Israel Mutual Association (AMIA) that left  


nearly 100 persons dead. Iran supports many other radical  


organizations that have resorted to terrorism, such as the  


Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), HAMAS, and the Popular Front for  


the Liberation of PalestineöGeneral Command (PFLP-GC). 


Throughout 1994 Iraq remained out of compliance with UN Security  


Council resolutions, including those requiring it to renounce  


terrorism. Iraq continued its terrorist attacks against political  


dissidents, both at home and abroad. It also continued its terrorist  


war of attrition aimed at driving UN and other foreign aid agencies  


out of northern Iraq and depriving the Kurdish population of relief  


supplies. There were at least 17 attacks against UN and  


international relief personnel reported in 1994. Iraq continues to  


provide safehaven and training facilities for several terrorist  


organizations, including Abu Abbas' Palestine Liberation Front  


(PLF), the ANO, and the Arab Liberation Front (ALF). In June, a  


Kuwaiti court rendered verdicts in the trial of the 14 individuals  


accused of participating in the plot to assassinate former President  


Bush during his April 1993 visit to Kuwait. 


Libya continued to defy the demands of UN Security Council  


resolutions adopted in response to Tripoli's involvement in the  


bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772. The resolutions  


demand that Tripoli turn over the two Libyan intelligence agents  


suspected of carrying out the bombing plot for trial either in a US  


or UK court, pay compensation to the victims, cooperate in the  


ongoing investigation, and cease all support for terrorism.  


Available evidence suggests Libya was behind the disappearance of  


prominent Libyan dissident and human rights activist Mansour Kikhia  


from his hotel room in Egypt in December 1993. Leaders of terrorist  


groups HAMAS and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) publicly  


announced that Qadhafi had pledged to provide them with aid for the  


"Liberation of Palestine." 


North Korea is not known to have sponsored any international  


terrorist attacks since 1987, when it conducted the midflight  


bombing of a KAL airliner. North Korea has publicly condemned  


terrorism but maintains contact with groups that practice terrorism  


and continues to provide sanctuary to Japanese Communist LeagueöRed  


Army Faction terrorists who hijacked a Japan Airlines flight to  


North Korea in 1970. 


While there is no evidence that the Government of Sudan conducted or  


sponsored a specific act of terrorism in 1994, the regime provided  


safehaven and support for members of several international terrorist  


groups operating in Sudan. These include some of the world's most  


violent organizations: the ANO, the Lebanese Hizballah, HAMAS, the  


Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and Egypt's Islamic Group. Some of  


Sudan's neighbors have complained that insurgents in North Africa  


have received training, funds, weapons, travel documents and  


indoctrination from Sudan. In December, Eritrea severed diplomatic  


relations with Sudan for its support for subversive activities and  


hostile acts. Sudan turned over the international terrorist Carlos  


to France in August, after offering him safehaven in Khartoum since  


late 1993. The regime has stated that the turnover was a one-time  


occurrence and would not affect other terrorists currently harbored  


in Sudan. 


There is no evidence that Syrian officials have been directly  


involved in planning or executing terrorist attacks since 1986, but  


Syria continues to provide safehaven and support, inside Syria or in  


areas of Lebanon under Syrian control, for terrorist groups such as  


Ahmad Jibril's PFLP-GC, HAMAS, PIJ, the Japanese Red Army, and the  


Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Syria also permits Iran to resupply  


Hizballah via Damascus. Nevertheless, Damascus continues to restrain  


the international activities of some of these groups. 


Cuba 


The Castro regime, which is preoccupied with its existence, is no  


longer able to support armed struggle actively in Latin America and  


other parts of the world. In years past, Havana provided significant  


levels of military training, weapons, funds, and guidance to leftist  


subversives. Currently, the regime's focus is largely on economic  


survival, and the government is attempting to upgrade diplomatic and  


trade relations within Latin America. Cuba's economy continued to  


deteriorate, and a large antiregime demonstration broke out for the  


first time in 1994. 


Although there is no evidence that Cuban officials have been  


directly involved in sponsoring a specific act of terrorism during  


the past year, Havana did provide safehaven in 1994 to several  


terrorists in Cuba. A number of ETA Basque terrorists who sought  


sanctuary in Cuba several years ago continue to live on the island.  


Some of the more than 40 Chilean terrorists from the Manuel  


Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) who escaped from a Chilean prison  


in 1990 also probably still reside in Cuba. Colombia's two main  


guerrilla groups, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)  


and the National Liberation Army (ELN), reportedly maintain  


representatives in Havana. 


Iran 


Iran is still the most active state sponsor of international  


terrorism and continues to be directly involved in planning and  


executing terrorist acts. This year Tehran seems to have maintained  


its terrorist activities at the level of 1993, when there were four  


confirmed and two possible Iranian attacks on dissidents living  


outside Iran. Iranian terrorist operations concentrate on Iranian  


dissidents, particularly members of the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) and  


the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI). Iran supports extremist  


Palestinian groups that have used terrorism to try to halt the  


Middle East peace process. Tehran also gives varying degrees of  


assistance to an assortment of radical Islamic and secular groups  


from North Africa to Central Asia. 


While President Rafsanjani has tried to moderate Iran's public image  


to expand its economic and political ties to Western Europe and  


Japan, Iran continues to use terrorism as ruthlessly as it did under  


Khomeini. Tehran supports groups, such as its main client Hizballah,  


that pose a threat to Americans. Due to the continuing threat from  


Tehran and Hizballah, American diplomatic missions and personnel  


remain at risk. 


Confirmed attacks on Iranian dissidents in the past year include the  


following: the 7 January killing of Taha Kirmeneh, a dissident who  


was a member of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), by  


gunmen in Coru, Turkey; the 10 January wounding of a member of the  


KDPI by a letter bomb in Stockholm, Sweden; the killing of a KDPI  


leader in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, on 10 March; and the killing of two  


members of the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) in Qabbiyah, Iraq, while  


driving to Baghdad on 29 May. While the MEK has been victimized by  


Iranian terrorism, the group has itself employed terrorist tactics. 


The 24 June murder of dissident Osman Muhammed Amini at his home in  


Copenhagen and the 12 November murder of dissident Ali Mohammed  


Assadi in Bucharest may also have been carried out at the Iranian  


Government's behest. 


On 6 December, a French court handed down a decision in the trial of  


three Iranians accused of participating in the 1991 murder of former  


Iranian Prime Minister Bakhtiar and an assistant. One defendant  


received life imprisonment. A second, an Iranian radio correspondent  


who is reputed to be a nephew of the late Ayatollah Khomeini, was  


sentenced to 10 years in jail. The third, an employee of the Iranian  


Embassy in Bern, was acquitted. 


Iran remains committed to implementation of the death sentence  


imposed on British author Salman Rushdie. When speaking to Western  


audiences, Iranian leaders claim that the fatwa (or religious  


finding) against Rushdie is a religious matter that does not involve  


the Government of Iran. 


However, the Iranian Government continued its propaganda campaign  


against Rushdie. In February, the fifth anniversary of the fatwa,  


Tehran Radio stated that "The least punishment for (Rushdie)·is·his  


execution." Ayatollah Hassan Sanei, the head of a quasi-governmental  


foundation that has offered a $2 million reward for the murder of  


Rushdie, said that supporters of Rushdie who campaign for the  


lifting of the fatwa deserved to be "punished." A Revolutionary  


Guards official vowed publicly that the death sentence would be  


carried out. The influence of this campaign has been felt outside  


Iran. In September, the head of a Muslim organization in Norway  


threatened to kill Rushdie if he attended a conference on freedom of  


expression in Stavanger. 


Iran is also the world's preeminent state sponsor of extremist  


Islamic and Palestinian groups, providing funds, weapons, and  


training. Hizballah, Iran's closest client, could well have been  


responsible for the 18 July bombing of the Argentine Israel Mutual  


Association that left nearly 100 persons dead. This operation was  


virtually identical to the one conducted in March 1992 against the  


Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, for which Hizballah claimed  


responsibility. Hizballah had stated that it would seek retaliation  


against Israel for the kidnapping of a well-known Lebanese Shia  


terrorist and the Israeli airstrike in June on a Hizballah camp in  


Lebanon that killed more than 20 militants. 


Iran supports many other radical organizations that have engaged in  


terrorism. Tehran opposes any compromise with or recognition of  


Israel and, as the peace process moves ahead, has worked to  


coordinate a rejectionist front to oppose the Israeli-PLO accords,  


particularly with the PIJ, the PFLP-GC, and HAMAS, as well as  


Hizballah. 


Tehran continues to provide safehaven to the terrorist Kurdistan  


Workers' Party (PKK) in Iran. The PKK÷seeking to establish a Kurdish  


state in southeastern Turkey÷in 1994 conducted a violent campaign  


against Turkish tourism, including attacks on tourist spots  


frequented by foreigners, while continuing unabated the use of  


terrorism against Turkish citizens, including ethnic Kurds. 


Iraq 


Iraq continued to engage in state-sponsored internal and  


international terrorism in 1994. It is rebuilding its ability to  


mount terrorist attacks abroad, despite financial and diplomatic  


constraints imposed in the wake of the Gulf war. 


The Government of Iraq provides safehaven and logistic support to  


several terrorist groups and individuals, including elements of the  


ANO, based in Lebanon; the Mojahedin-e Khalq, which is opposed to  


the government in Tehran; Abu Abbas' Palestine Liberation Front  


(PLF); and notorious bomb-maker Abu Ibrahim. Both Abbas and Ibrahim  


enjoy sanctuary in Iraq. 


Political killings and terrorist actions are directed against  


civilians, foreign relief workers, journalists, and opposition  


leaders. On 12 April, a prominent Iraqi expatriate oppositionist  


residing in Beirut, Lebanon, was assassinated. The Government of  


Lebanon stated that it had firm evidence linking the killing to the  


Government of Iraq and arrested two Iraqi diplomats in connection  


with the incident. Lebanon subsequently broke diplomatic relations  


with Iraq. 


Since 1991, in violation of UN Security Council resolutions, the  


Government of Iraq has obstructed the international community's  


provision of humanitarian assistance. We believe that Iraq is  


responsible for more than 100 attacks on relief personnel and aid  


convoys over the past four years. Moreover, the Government of Iraq  


has offered monetary "bounties" to anyone who assassinates UN and  


other international relief workers. 


A German journalist and her Kurdish bodyguard were shot to death on  


3 April in an ambush near Suleymaniya. Kurdish authorities arrested  


several suspects who reportedly confessed that the government had  


paid them to commit the murders. Several other international  


personnel, including UN guards and journalists, were critically  


injured in bombing and shooting attacks. At least 16 such attacks  


were reported. On 2 January, two UN vehicles were fired on while  


approaching the Aski Kalak bridge between Mosul and Irbil. One  


vehicle was hit seven times. On 21 January a handmade device using  


TNT exploded in the garden of a UN residence. Two Swedish  


journalists were injured on 14 March near Aqrah when a bomb exploded  


under their car. On 24 May two vehicles carrying representatives  


from the NGO OXFAM were shot at while returning to Suleymaniyah from  


a UN-NGO meeting in Salaheddin. On 1 June handgrenades were thrown  


at a warehouse in Suleymaniyah belonging to the French relief group  


Equilibre. 


In July, three members of a prominent Shi'a family, the al-Khoeis,  


and their driver died under suspicious circumstances in an  


automobile crash in southern Iraq, near Al Najaf. Evidence points to  


involvement by the Government of Iraq. The al-Khoei family had long  


been targeted for harassment and abuse by the government. 


On 4 June, a Kuwaiti court returned verdicts in the trial of the 14  


individuals accused of participation in the plot to assassinate  


former President Bush during his April 1993 visit to Kuwait. Six of  


the 14 were sentenced to death, seven were sentenced to prison for  


terms ranging from six months to 12 years, and one was acquitted. 


Libya 


The Libyan regime continued to defy the demands of UN Security  


Council Resolutions 731, 748, and 883 adopted in response to  


Tripoli's involvement in the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA  


Flight 772. UNSCR 731 was adopted following the November 1991  


indictments by British and US authorities of two Libyan intelligence  


agents for their role in the 1988 Pan Am bombing. The resolution  


incorporated US and British demands that Tripoli turn over the two  


suspects for trial in either a US or UK court, pay compensation to  


the victims, cooperate in the ongoing investigation, and cease all  


support for terrorism. UNSCR 731 also demanded that Tripoli  


cooperate with French authorities in their separate investigation of  


the UTA 772 bombing in 1989. 


In April 1992, UNSCR 748 imposed sanctions against the Libyan regime  


for its refusal to comply with the demands of UNSCR 731. Those  


sanctions involved embargoing Libyan civil aviation and military  


procurement efforts, as well as requiring all states to reduce  


Libya's diplomatic presence. In November 1993, UNSCR 883 imposed  


additional sanctions to increase the pressure on Libya to comply  


with previous demands. The 883 sanctions added a limited assets  


freeze and oil technology ban and strengthened existing sanctions. 


By the end of 1994, Libya had taken no serious steps toward  


compliance with any of the UNSC demands. Instead, the Libyan regime  


continued to propose half measures and "compromise" solutions to the  


trial venue for the two suspects. Tripoli's proposals appeared  


disingenuous from the start, as none satisfy the demands of UNSC  


resolutions or meet the requirements of American or British judicial  


systems. 


Even while Libya continued its efforts to convince international  


public opinion that it had abandoned terrorism, Qadhafi and his  


senior advisers vehemently attacked the Libyan opposition, calling  


them "stray dogs" and publicly threatening them. Indeed, available  


evidence strongly suggests Libya was behind the disappearance of  


prominent Libyan dissident and human rights activist, Mansour  


Kikhia, from his hotel room in Egypt in December 1993. 


Throughout 1994, Tripoli demonstrated its willingness to support  


groups that oppose Western interests with terrorism. Qadhafi  


repeatedly urged radical rejectionists of the Middle East peace  


process to use "whatever means" possible to oppose it. Libya opened  


its arms to leaders of well-


known militant groups opposed to the Gaza-Jericho accord and hosted  


several meetings of the rejectionist groups in 1994. In addition,  


Libya hailed the 19 October bus-bombing attack in Tel Aviv by HAMAS  


as a "courageous operation." In addition, the leaders of HAMAS and  


the Palestinian Islamic Jihad publicly announced that Qadhafi had  


pledged to provide them with aid for the "liberation of Palestine." 


North Korea 


The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) is  


not known to have sponsored any international terrorist attacks  


since 1987, when it conducted the midflight bombing of a KAL  


airliner. A North Korean spokesman in April 1993 condemned all forms  


of terrorism, including state terrorism, and said his country  


resolutely opposed the encouragement and support of terrorism.  


Nevertheless, North Korea maintains contact with groups that  


practice terrorism and continues to provide political sanctuary to  


members of the Japanese Communist Leagueö


Red Army Faction who hijacked a Japan Airlines flight to North Korea  


in 1970. 


Sudan 


The Government of Sudan provided safehaven and support for members  


of several international terrorist groups operating in Sudan. The  


regime also permitted Tehran to use Sudan as a secure transit point  


and meeting site for Iranian-backed extremist groups. There is no  


evidence that Sudan, which is dominated by the National Islamic  


Front (NIF), conducted or sponsored a specific act of terrorism in  


1994. 


The list of groups that maintain a presence or operate in Sudan is  


disturbing and includes some of the world's most violent  


organizations: the ANO, the Lebanese Hizballah, the Palestinian  


Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS), the Palestinian Islamic Jihad  


(PIJ), and Egypt's Islamic Group. The NIF also supports Islamic  


opposition groups from Algeria, Tunisia, Kenya, and Eritrea. Some of  


Sudan's neighbors have complained that insurgents in North Africa  


have received assistance from Sudan in the form of training, funds,  


weapons, travel documents, and indoctrination. In December, Eritrea  


severed diplomatic relations with Sudan for its support for  


subversive activities and hostile acts. 


In a positive development, Sudan turned over the international  


terrorist "Carlos" (Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez) to France in August.  


Carlos÷who bragged about his ties to senior government officials,  


carried a weapon, and flaunted Sudan's laws÷had been living in Sudan  


since late 1993 with full knowledge and protection of senior levels  


of the NIF and Sudanese Government. 


While the reasons for the expulsion of Carlos are not entirely  


clear, the regime emphasized that the affair did not signal a shift  


in Sudanese policy and that the fate of Carlos would not affect  


other terrorist elements currently harbored in Sudan. President  


Bashir stated publicly it was Sudan's duty to protect "mujahedin"  


who sought refuge. In a press interview on the suicide bus bombing  


in Tel Aviv by a HAMAS militant in October, which left 22 persons  


dead, NIF leader Hassan Turabi praised the attack, calling it "an  


honorable act." 


The Sudanese regime regularly denied there are terrorists in Sudan,  


and it refused to investigate information the US Ambassador supplied  


in September about the training of terrorists at the Merkhiyat  


Popular Defense camp located northwest of Khartoum. The Foreign  


Minister categorically dismissed the information without even  


offering to look into it. 


Syria 


There is no evidence that Syrian officials have been directly  


involved in planning or executing terrorist attacks since 1986.  


Damascus is publicly committed to the Middle East peace process and  


has taken some steps to restrain the international activities of  


these groups. Syria also uses its influence with Hizballah to limit  


outbreaks of violence on the border between Lebanon and Israel, but  


permits Iran to resupply Hizballah via Damascus. 


However, Syria continues to provide safehaven and support for  


several groups that engage in international terrorism; spokesmen for  


some of these groups have publicly claimed responsibility for  


attacks in Israel and the occupied territories. Several radical  


terrorist groups maintain training camps or other facilities on  


Syrian territory. Ahmad Jibril's PFLP-GC has its headquarters near  


Damascus. In addition, Damascus grants a wide variety of groups  


engaged in terrorism basing privileges or refuge in areas of  


Lebanon's Bekaa Valley under Syrian control: these include HAMAS,  


the PFLP-GC, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and the Japanese  


Red Army (JRA). 


The terrorist group PKK continues to train in the Bekaa Valley, and  


its leader, Abdullah Ocalan, resides at least part-time in Syria.  


The PKK in 1994 conducted a violent campaign against Turkish tourist  


spots frequented by foreigners, as well as other terrorist violence  


across Europe. Syrian safehaven for PKK operations was vigorously  


protested by Turkey and is the subject of discussions between Syria  


and Turkey. 


 


Appendix A 


Chronology of Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1994 


4 January 


Ireland


The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) claimed responsibility for two mail  


bombs sent to Sinn Fein's Dublin offices. 


Turkey


Iranian state agents are believed responsible for the assassination  


of a member of the Iranian KDP Central Committee in Corum. 





9 January 


Iran


An armed attack was carried out against the British Embassy in  


Tehran. No one was injured, and no one has claimed responsibility  


for the attack. 





10 January 


Italy


A bomb detonated in front of the NATO Defense College building in  


Rome. That evening, copies of an eight-page Red Brigades bulletin,  


claiming responsibility on behalf of the "Combatant Communist  


Nuclei" (NCC), were found in several provinces. 





11 January 


Peru


A suspected Sendero Luminoso (SL) satchel bomb exploded in front of  


the Peruvian-Japanese cultural center in Lima, causing minimal  


damage to the structure. 





14 January 


Colombia


Suspected members of the National Liberation Army (ELN) kidnapped US  


citizen Russell Vacek, his wife Elizabeth, and other family members  


as they were traveling in El Playon. 





29 January 


Lebanon


A Jordanian diplomat was shot and killed outside his home in Beirut.  


The Government of Lebanon arrested and prosecuted ANO terrorists for  


the attack. 





2 February 


Azerbaijan


Several bombs exploded inside railcars, killing five persons and  


injuring several others at the Baku train station. 





3 February 


Greece


A bomb detonated at the German Goethe (culture) Institute in Athens.  


A local newspaper received a warning a half hour before the  


detonation from the Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA) terrorist  


group. 


Italy


A bomb was placed underneath the car of a Spanish Military Attache,  


Lt. Col. Fernando Sagristano, in Rome. The device severely injured  


an embassy driver. 





19 February 


Egypt


Unknown assailants fired upon a passenger train and wounded a Polish  


woman, a Thai woman, and two Egyptian citizens in Asyut. The al-


Gama'at al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group) claimed responsibility for the  


attack. 





23 February 


Egypt


A bomb explosion aboard a passenger train in Asyut injured six  


foreign tourists÷two New Zealanders, two Germans, and two  


Australians÷and five Egyptian citizens. The Islamic Group (IG)  


claimed responsibility for the incident. 





4 March 


Egypt


Unknown gunmen opened fire at a Nile cruise ship and wounded a  


German tourist near the Sohag Governorate. The Islamic Group (IG)  


claimed responsibility for the incident. 


Iraq


Unidentified gunmen fired on a European Relief Organization vehicle  


and wounded two local guards near Irbil. 





9-13 March 


United Kingdom


The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) fired mortars at  


London's Heathrow International Airport in three separate attacks.  


There were no injuries because the fully primed mortars failed to  


detonate. 





13 March 


Lebanon


A grenade detonated on the British Embassy compound, causing minor  


damage and no injuries. No arrests or claims of responsibility were  


reported. 





24 March 


Turkey


The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is believed responsible for  


bombing the Central Bazaar in Istanbul's historic tourist district.  


Four tourists, including two Romanian women, were injured by the  


blast. 





27 March 


Turkey


A bomb detonated in the gardens of the Saint Sophia Mosque and  


Museum in Istanbul, injuring three tourists: one German, one  


Spanish, and one Dutch. The Metropole Revenge Team of the political  


wing of the PKK claimed responsibility. 





29 March 


Iraq


Six assailants fired on a United Nations guard contingency bus  


traveling from Irbil to Mosul and seriously wounded two Austrian  


guards. 





1 April 


Colombia


Six members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)  


kidnapped US citizen Raymond Rising, Security Chief of the Summer  


Linguistic Institution, as he rode his motorcycle from the Municipal  


Capital of Puerto Lleras. 





2 April 


Turkey


The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) claimed responsibility for  


bombing the IC Bedesten, the old bazaar at the center of the bazaar  


complex, in Istanbul. Two foreign tourists, one Spanish and one  


Belgian, were killed, and 17 others were injured. 





3 April 


Iraq


Assailants fired on a German journalist and her bodyguard while they  


were traveling in their car near Suleymaniyah. Both occupants of the  


vehicle were killed instantly. 





8 April 


Sri Lanka


A small bomb exploded inside a bathroom at the Marriott Hotel in  


Colombo, causing minor damages and no casualties. 





11 April 


Greece


The 17 November terrorist group claimed responsibility for planting  


rockets aimed at a British aircraft carrier, the Arc Royal. The  


rockets were defused by explosives experts. 





13 April 


Lebanon


Five individuals, including two Iraqi diplomats, were arrested for  


assassinating Iraqi opposition figure Shaykh Talib Ali al-Suhayl in  


his house near West Beirut. 





27 April 


South Africa


A car bomb exploded at Jan Smuts Airport in Johannesburg, injuring  


16 persons, including two Russian diplomats and a Swiss Air pilot.  


Although no group has claimed responsibility, white separatists  


opposed to South Africa's first multiracial election are believed  


responsible. 





8 May 


Algeria


Two French priests were shot and killed by two male assailants in  


the lower Casbah district of Algiers. In its weekly publication, the  


Armed Islamic Group (GIA) claimed responsibility. 





17 May 


Greece


A time-detonated rocket was fired at an IBM office in downtown  


Athens. The 17 November terrorist group claimed responsibility in a  


warning call to a radio station. 





29 May 


Iraq


At least two unknown assailants shot and killed an Iranian  


dissident, Seyeed Ahmad Sadr Lahijani, as he drove his car through  


Ghalebieh. 





17 June 


Uganda


A driver for the Catholic Relief Services was badly beaten by Lord's  


Resistance Army (LRA) rebels who ambushed the truck he was driving. 





21-22 June 


Turkey


In the coastal towns of Fethiye and Marmaris, bombs killed one  


foreign national and injured 10 others at tourist sites. The PKK  


claimed responsibility for the attacks on German television. 





22 June 


Turkey


Two bombs detonated within minutes of each other at a beach and park  


in the resort town of Marmaris, wounding 12 persons, including four  


British nationals, one of whom died five days later. 





24 June 


Greece


The Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA/1 May) claimed  


responsibility for a bombing outside the offices of the European  


Community in downtown Athens. There were no injuries reported. 





4 July 


Greece


A senior Turkish diplomat in Athens, Omer Sipahioglu, was killed by  


three gunmen as he sat in his car. "November 17öTheofilos Georgiadis  


Commandos" claimed responsibility for the attack. 





11 July 


Greece


A bomb detonated in a Lindos restaurant on the Island of Rhodes,  


seriously injuring an Italian tourist and a Greek citizen. 





18 July 


Argentina


A car bomb exploded at the Israeli-Argentine Mutual Association  


(AMIA), killing nearly 100 persons and wounding more than 200  


others. The explosion caused the seven-story building to collapse  


and damaged adjacent buildings. 





19 July 


Panama


A commuter plane exploded in flight over the Santa Rita mountains.  


Among the 21 victims were Israeli nationals, dual Israeli-Panamanian  


citizens, three US citizens, and 12 Jewish persons. 





23 July 


West Bank


Two unknown Palestinians stabbed and seriously injured a US woman in  


the Arab quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The assailants  


escaped unharmed. 





26 July 


Cambodia


The Khmer Rouge attacked a train traveling in Kompong Trach and  


kidnapped a number of passengers, among them an Australian, a  


Briton, and a Frenchman. 


United Kingdom


A car bomb exploded at the Israeli Embassy in London, injuring 14  


persons. Police said the bomb was planted by a woman who was driving  


an Audi. 





27 July 


United Kingdom


A car bomb detonated outside a building that houses Jewish  


organizations in London. Five persons were injured in the attack. 





3 August 


Algeria


Five French Embassy employees were killed and one injured when  


guerrillas from the Armed Islamic Group (AIG) attacked a French  


residential compound in Algiers. 





8 August 


Turkey


The PKK kidnapped two Finnish nationals, stating that they did not  


have "entry visas for Kurdistan." The Finns were held for 22 days  


before being released unharmed. 





12 August 


Turkey


A bomb detonated in the Topkapi Bus Terminal, killing one Romanian  


consular official and wounding seven other people. The PKK is  


suspected. 





18 August 


Chile


A bomb exploded at a Santiago office building that houses the  


American company Fluor Daniel. The Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front  


(FPMR) claimed responsibility and stated that the incident was  


carried out in solidarity with Cuba and against the US economic  


blockade of the island. 





26 August 


Angola


A Portuguese priest and four nuns were kidnapped by suspected  


National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) rebels  


near Choba. 





27 August 


Philippines


Seven South Korean engineers and 30 Filipino workers were taken  


captive by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). 





23 September 


Colombia


Twelve terrorists from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia  


(FARC) kidnapped US citizen Thomas Hargrove when he stopped at a  


guerrilla roadblock. 





27 September 


Egypt


Three persons were killed and two were wounded when an assailant  


fired on a downtown tourist area in Hurghada. Two Egyptians and one  


German were killed in the attack. The Islamic Group claimed  


responsibility for the attack. 





9 October 


Israel


Two Arabs armed with assault rifles and grenades attacked  


pedestrians in Jerusalem. The gunmen killed two persons and injured  


14 others. Two US citizens were among the injured. HAMAS has claimed  


responsibility for the incident. 





18 October 


Algeria


Approximately 30 members of the Armed Islamic Group (AIG) attacked  


an oil base, killing a French and an Italian worker. 





23 October 


Egypt


Assailants shot and killed a British tourist and wounded three  


others in an attack on a bus near Luxor. The Islamic Group is  


believed responsible for the attack. 





11 December 


Philippines


The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) claimed responsibility for an explosion  


aboard a Philippine airliner. One Japanese citizen was killed, and  


at least 10 others were injured. 





12 December 


Turkey


The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is believed responsible for a  


bomb blast outside a store in Istanbul, which injured eight persons,  


including four Romanian tourists. 





24 December 


Algeria


Members of the Armed Islamic Group (AIG) hijacked an Air France  


flight in Algeria. The plane arrived in Marseille, France, on 26  


December. A French antiterrorist unit stormed the plane, ending the  


54-hour siege in which three hostages were killed by the terrorists.  


All four terrorists were killed during the rescue. 





25 December 


Israel


An American was among 12 persons injured when a HAMAS supporter  


carrying a bag of explosives blew himself up at a West Jerusalem bus  


stop. 





27 December 


Algeria


The Armed Islamic Group (AIG) claimed responsibility for the murders  


of four Catholic priests. The murders were apparently in retaliation  


for the deaths of four GIA hijackers the previous day in Marseille. 


 


Appendix B 


Background Information on Major Groups Discussed in the Report 


     Abu Nidal organization (ANO) a.k.a.: Fatah Revolutionary  


Council, Arab Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades,  


Black September, Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims 


Description


International terrorist organization led by Sabri al-Banna. Split  


from PLO in 1974. Made up of various functional committees,  


including political, military, and financial. 


Activities


Has carried out over 90 terrorist attacks since 1974 in 20  


countries, killing or injuring almost 900 people. Targets include  


the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Israel, moderate  


Palestinians, the PLO, and various Arab countries, depending on  


which state is sponsoring it at the time. Major attacks include Rome  


and Vienna airports in December 1985, the Neve Shalom synagogue in  


Istanbul, the Pan Am Flight 73 hijacking in Karachi in September  


1986, and the City of Poros day-


excursion ship attack in July 1988 in Greece. Suspected of carrying  


out assassination on 14 January 1991 in Tunis of PLO deputy chief  


Abu Iyad and PLO security chief Abu Hul. ANO members assassinated a  


Jordanian diplomat in Lebanon in January 1994. 


Strength


Several hundred plus ``militia'' in Lebanon and overseas support  


structure. 


Location/Area of Operation


Headquartered in Iraq (1974-83) and Syria (1983-87); currently  


headquartered in Libya with substantial presence in Lebanon (in the  


Bekaa Valley and several Palestinian refugee camps in coastal areas  


of Lebanon). Also has a presence in Sudan. Has demonstrated ability  


to operate over wide area, including the Middle East, Asia, and  


Europe. 


External Aid


Has received considerable support, including safehaven, training,  


logistic assistance, and financial aid from Iraq and Syria (until  


1987); continues to receive aid from Libya, in addition to close  


support for selected operations. 





     Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) 


Description


Islamic extremist group operating in the southern Philippines led by  


Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani. Split from the Moro National  


Liberation Front in 1991. 


Activities


The organization uses bombs, assassinations, kidnappings for ransom,  


and extortion payments from companies and businessmen in its efforts  


to promote an Iranian-style Islamic state in Mindanao, an island in  


the southern Philippines heavily populated by Muslims. The ASG is  


suspected of mounting more than 60 terrorist attacks. Recent attacks  


have been mounted in opposition to ongoing peace negotiations  


between Manila and other Islamic groups. 


Strength


About 200 members, mostly younger Muslims, many of whom have studied  


or worked in the Gulf states, where they were exposed to radical  


Islamist ideology. 


Location/Area of Operation


The ASG operates almost exclusively on Mindanao Island, although it  


bombed a light railway in Manila in 1993. A person purporting to be  


an ASG member claimed responsibility for the midair bombing of a  


Philippines Airlines jumbo jet flying from Manila to Tokyo in  


December 1994. 


External Aid


Probably has ties to Islamic extremists in the Middle East. 





     Al-Fatah


a.k.a.: Al-'Asifa 


Description


Headed by Yasser Arafat, Fatah joined the PLO in 1968 and won the  


leadership role in 1969. Its commanders were expelled from Jordan  


following violent confrontations with Jordanian forces during the  


period 1970-71, beginning with Black September in 1970. The Israeli  


invasion of Lebanon in 1982 led to the group's dispersal to several  


Middle Eastern countries, including Tunisia, Yemen, Algeria, Iraq,  


and others. Maintains several military and intelligence wings that  


have carried out terrorist attacks, including Force 17 and the  


Western Sector. Two of its leaders, Abu Jihad and Abu Iyad, were  


assassinated in recent years. 


Activities


In the 1960s and the 1970s, Fatah offered training to a wide range  


of European, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African terrorist and  


insurgent groups. Carried out numerous acts of international  


terrorism in Western Europe and the Middle East in the early-to-


middle 1970s. Arafat signed the Declaration of Principles (DOP) with  


Israel in 1993 and renounced terrorism and violence. There has been  


no authorized terrorist operation since that time. 


Strength


6,000 to 8,000. 


Location/Area of Operation


Headquartered in Tunisia, with bases in Lebanon and other Middle  


East countries. 


External Aid


Has had close political and financial ties to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,  


and other moderate Gulf states. These relations were disrupted by  


the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. Also had links to Jordan. Received  


weapons, explosives, and training from the former USSR and the  


former Communist regimes of East European states. China and North  


Korea have reportedly provided some weapons. 





     Armed Islamic Group (AIG)


a.k.a. GIA 


Description


An Islamic extremist group, the AIG aims to overthrow the secular  


Algerian regime and replace it with an Islamic state. The AIG began  


its violent activities following the ouster of President Bendjedid  


in early 1992 and the cancellation of elections, which the Islamic  


Salvation Front was leading. 


Activities


Frequent attacks against regime targets÷particularly security  


personnel and government officials÷civilians, journalists, teachers,  


and foreign residents. Since announcing its terrorist campaign  


against foreigners living in Algeria in September 1993, the AIG has  


killed almost 90 expatriate men and women÷mostly Euro-peans÷in the  


country. The AIG uses assassinations and bombings, including car  


bombs, and it is known to favor kidnapping victims and slitting  


their throats. In December 1994, four AIG terrorists hijacked an Air  


France flight in Algiers and killed three passengers before flying  


to Marseille,